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1
As discussed in "Was Darwin Wrong?", the main difference between evolutionary theory and the other scientific theories mentioned in the article is that evolutionary theory is
A)based on so many other branches of science.
B)unacceptable to a large proportion of people.
C)largely unproven.
D)attributed to the work of one scientist instead of many.
2
As defined in "Was Darwin Wrong?", Darwin called the phenomenon of species splitting and specializing the principle of
A)speciation.
B)divergence.
C)evolution.
D)creation.
3
The evidence for evolution provided by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species included the fact that
A)geographically adjacent areas of South America never have "closely allied" species.
B)closely allied species tend to be found adjacent to one another in successive geological strata.
C)embryos of mammals and embryos of reptiles are uniquely different and do not go through similar stages of development.
D)although creationist assumptions includ the idea that patterned similarities between creatures were ordained by God, no such patterns can actually be seen in nature.
4
As noted in "Was Darwin Wrong?", evolutionary theory is rejected not only by fundamentalist Christians, but also by ultraorthodox Jews, Islamic creationists, and some Hare Krishnas.
A)True
B)False
5
As given in "The Facts of Evolution," the debate about evolution has become a fight between science and
A)history.
B)economics.
C)religion.
D)metaphysics.
6
As presented in "The Facts of Evolution," Ernst Mayr's general tenets of evolutionary theory include all of the following except
A)descent with modification.
B)fossil gaps.
C)natural selection.
D)gradualism.
7
Which of the following is true of natural selection, according to Michael Shermer?
A)it is a force, not a process.
B)it can anticipate changes that will be needed for survival.
C)it is the equivalent of a warehouse full of parts randomly assorting themselves into a jumbo jet.
D)the time frame is long and the changes from generation to generation are subtle.
8
As noted in "The Facts of Evolution," evolution is a historical science, and historical data—fossils—are often the evidence most cited for and against it.
A)True
B)False
9
As set forth in "Evolution in Action," the species that are demonstrating observable evolution include all of the following except
A)grayling.
B)sticklebacks.
C)monkeys.
D)flies.
10
As reported in "Evolution in Action," when evolutionary biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant observed Galapagos finches, they noted that
A)finches evolved only when weather conditions remained stable.
B)evolutionary changes among finches were occurring so slowly they were barely perceptible.
C)the finches were evolving rapidly.
D)finches evolved only where there were large numbers of predators.
11
Microevolution refers to the situation in which
A)a species becomes smaller over time.
B)there are changes in already small creatures such as microbes.
C)a population acquires small, inherited changes through natural selection.
D)evolution which can only be directly observed under a microscope.
12
According to "Evolution in Action," in the decades after Darwin's death, dozens of scientists were fascinated with the concept of evolution and attempted to witness it in action.
A)True
B)False
13
Macroevolution refers to the situation in which a species becomes larger in a very short period of time.
A)True
B)False
14
Darwin's work on evolution had an impact upon
A)Marxism
B)Social Darwinism
C)Libertarianism and Eugenics
D)all of the above
15
As an extension of Social Darwinism, the Eugenics movement came out against
A)segregating the mentally disabled from society.
B)sterilization.
C)letting "idiots, "imbeciles" and "the feeble-minded" mate with each other.
D)social planning.
16
It took more than one hundred years after the debate on Darwin's thesis between Wilberforce and Huxley for the Anglican Church to accommodate the march of science in this one respect.
A)True
B)False
17
Having been convinced of the truth of Social Darwinism and that they were more evolved than the poor, Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller gave considerable amounts of their wealth to charities.
A)True
B)False
18
When Governor Bobby Jindal signed the Louisiana Science Education Act into law, it was clear that
A)he had never taken a university level science class.
B)a law promoting critical thinking, logical analysis and open and objective discussion in the classroom was needed.
C)the law specifically targeted the teaching of evolution.
D)politics was not involved.
19
As pointed out in "The Latest Face of Creationism," the Supreme Court has rejected a number of policies that require the teaching of creationism in science classes because it violates the constitutional
A)Free Speech Amendment.
B)division of federal and states' rights.
C)amendment regarding eminent domain.
D)Establishment Clause.
20
According to "The Latest Face of Creationism," creationists criticize evolution on the assumption that the only alternative to that view is creationism.
A)True
B)False
21
As suggested in "Why Should Students Learn Evolution?" unless one appreciates the perennial struggle among individuals and populations for survival in a particular ecological niche
A)rules for engaging socially cannot be constructed.
B)one cannot understand the living world of which humans are a part.
C)economics would have no meaning.
D)all of the above
22
As stated in "Why Should Students Learn Evolution?" if one took away the basic context of all biological sciences, all that would be left would be
A)disparate facts without the thread that ties them all together.
B)hope and luck.
C)DNA and RNA.
D)research and supposition.
23
According to "Why Should Students Learn Evolution?", the evolutionary process can be seen in the fact that
A)function is adapted to form.
B)organisms never have nonadaptive features.
C)when populations split from their ancestral populations, genetic differences accumulate.
D)evolution has nothing to do with such fields as philosophy, psychology, literature and the arts.
24
As indicated in "Why Should Students Learn Evolution?" evolutionary explanations answer key questions in the biological sciences, such as why organisms across species have so many striking similarities yet are tremendously diverse.
A)True
B)False
25
Sarah Blaffer Hrdy found pathological hostility toward infants among Hanuman langur adult males ("First Kill the Babies") to be the result of
A)overcrowding.
B)regular feeding by people.
C)males coming into a troop from the outside.
D)all of the above.
26
Which of the following is true about infanticide among humans?
A)In America, a biological child is just as likely to be the victim of infanticide as a step-child.
B)In some circumstances, a mother abandoning a child is just as maternal and adaptive as raising a child.
C)It is unknown among people who engage in hunting and foraging.
D)All of the above are true.
27
As a sociobiologist, Sarah Blaffer Hrdy claims that there is a particular gene that is responsible for infanticide.
A)True
B)False
28
According to "The 2% Difference," the two percent difference between humans and chimps is reflected in the fact that
A)humans have more genes related to olfaction.
B)chimps are more resistant to tuberculosis.
C)chimps have more genes involved in neural development.
D)chimps have more genes related to olfaction.
29
As suggested in "The 2% Difference," genetic changes arise through all of the following except
A)insertion.
B)mutation.
C)adaptation.
D)deletion.
30
As stated in "The 2% Difference," the differences between chimp and human genes boil down to a kind of "typographical error" whereby one nucleotide is swapped for another and alters the gene in which it sits.
A)True
B)False
31
As stated in "The Mind of the Chimpanzee," Jane Goodall maintains that chimpanzees
A)are not as intelligent as was originally thought.
B)are slow at problem solving.
C)have individual personalities.
D)are poor subjects for primate studies.
32
When Jane Goodall began her studies, as discussed in her article "The Mind of the Chimpanzee," it was not acceptable to
A)study chimpanzees in the wild.
B)talk about an animal's mind.
C)advocate using chimpanzees for medical research.
D)ignore personality characteristics when doing animal research.
33
According to "The Mind of the Chimpanzee," Lucy, having been raised by humans, was no longer purely chimp.
A)True
B)False
34
Compared to laboratory studies, Jane Goodall believes that studies of animals in the wild are easier, but less meaningful.
A)True
B)False
35
As claimed in "Got Culture?" the notion of culture most relevant to primatologists is one that is
A)identical to that used by most other cultural theorists.
B)closely linked to a written language.
C)manifested in at least rudimentary technologies, such as the construction of simple machines.
D)broader than that normally used by cultural theorists.
36
As characterized as "Got Culture?" the most plausible explanation for differences among the chimpanzee tool industries in Africa is that they reflect
A)genetic differences.
B)different ecological conditions.
C)different learned traditions.
D)differences in the human communities from whom these behaviors were learned.
37
Craig Stanford has found chimpanzee groups to vary in
A)courtship behavior.
B)hunting tactics.
C)the kinds of animals they hunt.
D)all of the above.
38
Which of the following seems to explain tool use among chimps and its absence among bonobos, according to Stanford?
A)a strong element of chance that a cultural tradition will develop.
B)brain size differences.
C)environmental necessity.
D)having the anatomical prerequisites, such as flexible hands.
39
In the Tai Forest, chimpanzee mothers instruct their children in tool use by actually assisting them in placing the nut in the anvil in the proper way.
A)True
B)False
40
As noted in "Dim Forest, Bright Chimps," chimpanzees living in the forest differ from those on the savanna in how they
A)hunt.
B)communicate.
C)fight with each other.
D)sleep.
41
The red colobus monkey is the favorite hunting target of the Tai chimps because the monkey
A)travels primarily on the ground.
B)does not travel in groups.
C)is relatively large and sluggish.
D)puts up no resistance.
42
The Tai chimp patrol into foreign territory is
A)noisy.
B)for the purpose of territorial defense.
C)for hunting animals.
D)for capturing females.
43
The authors of "Dim Forest, Bright Chimps" were surprised to discover that the Tai chimps eat meat.
A)True
B)False
44
According to Robert Sapolsky, among primate groups in which killing of their own kind occurs,
A)it is always the males, not the females that kill.
B)they sometimes even use their tool-making skills to fashion weapons.
C)unlike humans there is never organized, proactive group violence directed at other populations.
D)all of the above are true.
45
According to Robert Sapolsky, the savanna baboon troop he lived with and studied became more peaceful and less hierarchical because
A)they lived in a forest rather than in the grasslands.
B)the most aggressive and least social of their members died off in a tuberculosis epidemic.
C)they came to have an assured food supply in the form of a garbage dump at a game lodge.
D)all the natural predators in the home range, such as lions and cheetahs had been exterminated.
46
Without exception, when experimental subjects are presented with a face of someone from a different race, the brain's amygdala, which plays a key role in fear and aggression, gets metabolically.
A)True
B)False
47
Recent studies described in "What Are Friends For?" suggest that
A)females are passive objects of male competition.
B)cooperation between genders is not uncommon among baboons.
C)male/female friendships are unusual in the wild.
D)males never provide child care.
48
Which of the following did Barbara Smuts find to be true among the baboons that she studied?
A)sexual pairings are completely random.
B)when it comes to mating, females are merely passive objects of male competition.
C)a female does not mate when she is pregnant or lactating.
D)a typical female is sexually active for more than 50% of her life.
49
According to Barbara Smuts, among baboons,
A)older females tend to be friends with younger males.
B)females tend to have more friends than males.
C)one of the main advantages of female friendship with a male is protection from attack from other baboons.
D)females have more friends than do males.
50
Which of the following is true of the baboons studied by Barbara Smuts?
A)males who were friends with a mother, but not likely the father of her infant, do not develop a relationship with her infant.
B)females typically mate with both friends and non-friends, but prior friendship increases the likelihood of mating.
C)Males regularly challenge consorts involving a pair that share a long-term friendship.
D)Adolescent and young females tend to have longer, more stable friendships than do older females.
51
Male baboons, as claimed in "What Are Friends For?" are particularly solicitous guardians of their friends' youngest infants.
A)True
B)False
52
As noted in "What's Love Got to Do With It?" a difference between bonobos and other primates is that
A)females only demonstrate sexual behavior when they are fertile.
B)they have especially unrestrained sexual behavior.
C)they use sex only for purposes of reproduction.
D)they rarely have sexual contact with other members of the same gender.
53
According to Meredith Small, bonobo sexual behavior results in
A)increased tension between females.
B)increased tension between males.
C)increased tension between males and females.
D)none of the above, since sex actually functions to reduce tension among bonobos in general.
54
An important function of GG-rubbing between bonobo females has to do with
A)making males jealous.
B)inciting males to rape females.
C)aiding in the assimilation of females into new communities.
D)keeping female from becoming friendly with each other.
55
Among the bonobos, sexual behavior is used to cement bonds between
A)males.
B)Females.
C)the two sexes.
D)all of the above.
56
Which of the following is true?
A)Bonobos and chimps share a common ancestry more recently than either share a common ancestry with humans.
B)Bonobos and humans share a more recent common ancestry to the exclusion of chimps.
C)Humans and chimps share a common ancestry to the exclusion of bonobos.
D)The bonobos, chimpanzee and human lines all split from each other at the same time.
57
Bonobos differ from chimps in
A)frequently copulating face to face.
B)never walking upright.
C)being larger in body size.
D)having shorter legs.
58
Sexual encounters among bonobos may occur
A)between males, after an aggressive encounter.
B)between females in order to cement relationships.
C)among the young.
D)in all of the above ways.
59
According to Meredith F. Small, whereas human females go shopping together and chimp females may groom each other, bonobo females will achieve the same bonding effect by
A)hunting.
B)GG-rubbing.
C)beating up on a male.
D)gathering honey.
60
According to Szalay and Costello, "hidden heat" appeared in humans in relation to the trend towards
A)upright posture.
B)increased brain size.
C)reduction of body hair.
D)increased stereoscopic vision.
61
Most of the time, as suggested in "What's Love Got to Do With It?" bonobo sex has nothing to do with making babies.
A)True
B)False
62
When a woman is in her infertile, non-ovulatory phase of her monthly cycle or is pregnant, she is more likely to prefer
A)the nice-guy provider.
B)to watch romantic movies.
C)wear more revealing clothes.
D)all of the above.
63
Research has shown that women take more risks and experience more pleasure during which of days of their menstrual cycle?
A)follicular.
B)luteal.
C)fertile.
D)pre-ovulatory.
64
According to evolutionary psychologist, Gordon Gallup, a woman who is going for a job interview should time it with
A)her fertility period.
B)the luteal phase of her menstrual cycle.
C)the follicular phase of her menstrual cycle.
D)none of the above, since she should do so while taking birth control pills.
65
Research indicates that women prefer quite different kinds of men depending on whether or not they are fertile.
A)True
B)False
66
Compared to the situation among apes, human mothers in foraging societies need more help in rearing offspring because
A)they give birth about every four years.
B)human babies mature more slowly.
C)it takes at least 10 million calories to rear a young human to independence.
D)All of the above are true.
67
As explained in "Mothers and Others," cooperative breeding
A)exists only in primitive societies.
B)has enabled humans to thrive in many new environments.
C)has no place in the modern world.
D)is practiced only by non-primate mammals.
68
As cited in "Mothers and Others," the critical variable in the NICHD study of children and their families was
A)how secure infants felt when cared for by someone else.
B)the amount of time an infant spent apart from its mother.
C)whether or not the mother worked.
D)the role of the father or other males in an infant's life.
69
Which of the following does Sarah Blaffer Hrdy believe may be the most important for the survival of weaned children during food shortages?
A)older men
B)older women
C)older siblings of such children
D)young unmarried females in general
70
As stated in "Mothers and Others," cooperative breeding only occurs among humans.
A)True
B)False
71
According to Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, since the end of the Pleistocene, whether in pre-industrial or industrial environments, some children have been surviving levels of social neglect that previously would have meant death.
A)True
B)False
72
Charles Darwin proposed that Africa would be the place to find the fossils of human ancestors because
A)it had the kinds of foods that humans are capable of eating.
B)he thought that the human anatomy is most closely allied to that of the African apes.
C)early stone tools had already been found there.
D)African rock art depicted early hominid creatures.
73
As put forth in "The Human Family's Earliest Ancestors," one of the conclusions drawn from Ardi's bones is that early humans did not go through a stage of
A)cave-dwelling.
B)tree-dwelling.
C)knuckle-walking.
D)stone-tool making.
74
The "Ardi" research challenges the long-held view that humans evolved in
A)South Africa.
B)the grassy savanna of Africa.
C)the tropical forest of central Africa.
D)the Sahara desert.
75
Which of the following were characteristic of Ardipithecus ramidus, according to its finders? It
A)had large, sharp canines.
B)exhibits a larger body size for males than for females.
C)a larger brain than some of the later hominids.
D)powerful hip and thigh muscles.
76
As discussed in "First of Our Kind," A. sediba indicates that the genus Homo may have its roots in
A)South Africa.
B)North Africa.
C)East Africa.
D)the Middle East.
77
Which of the following is true of the A. sediba finds in South Africa?
A)Only one individual was found, but it is a complete skeleton.
B)They include the oldest hominins ever found.
C)There may be organic material, such as preserved skin.
D)All of the above.
78
sediba shows that a Homo-like pelvis with a broad birth canal developed in order to accommodate a relatively large-brained infant at birth.
A)True
B)False
79
According to paleoanthropologists working in East Africa, such as William Kimbel and Meave Leakey, A. sedibus is too recent to be ancestral to the genus Homo and represents a separate evolutionary radiation.
A)True
B)False
80
As recalled in "Rethinking Neanderthals," recent studies suggest that Neanderthals
A)developed sophisticated societies among their unfriendly neighbors.
B)never really existed.
C)were imaginative enough to carve artful objects and invent a language.
D)migrated from Canada.
81
As claimed in "Rethinking Neanderthals," Neanderthals were as big-brained as
A)the ancient Egyptians.
B)the anatomically modern humans that later colonized Europe.
C)Asian fossils found in lower Mongolia.
D)modern humans.
82
According to Joe Alper ("Rethinking Neanderthals"), Neanderthals should be considered successful in the sense that they
A)lasted more modern Homo sapiens in Europe.
B)lasted so long and were able to survive in hostile, changing environments.
C)their genes are just as well represented in today's humans as those of Cro-Magnons.
D)all of the above.
83
Which of the following seems to have been true of each Neanderthal group?
A)It had about 10-15 individuals.
B)It ranged over a very extensive area
C)There was very little or no intermarriage between each group.
D)All of the above.
84
We have evidence of Neanderthals
A)using spears.
B)making knives.
C)scraping hides.
D)all of the above.
85
Neanderthal fossils suggest, as brought out in "Rethinking Neanderthals," that the Neanderthals must have endured a lot of pain.
A)True
B)False
86
Neanderthals lived in Western Europe during the ice age.
A)True
B)False
87
As stated in "Twilight of the Neanderthals," what are thought to have been the last of the Neanderthals lived in the area now known as
A)Alsace.
B)Denmark.
C)Sicily.
D)Gibraltar.
88
According to Clive Finlayson (cited in "Twilight of the Neanderthals"), the Neanderthals probably died out because
A)it became too warm.
B)it became too cold.
C)they were unable to adjust to the great fluctuations of climatic conditions.
D)there were not enough animals left to hunt.
89
As given in "Twilight of the Neanderthals," the best summary of the relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals is to say that
A)modern humans evolved from Neanderthals.
B)Neanderthals and modern humans interbred extensively.
C)Neanderthals died out long before modern humans emigrated to Europe.
D)Neanderthals and humans coexisted for 15,000 years before Neanderthals died out.
90
As stated in" Twilight of the Neanderthals," of all the hominids, Neanderthals were our closest relatives.
A)True
B)False
91
With respect to the "replacement model" vs. the "multiregional model" for the origins of modern humans, new DNA analyses indicate that
A)archaic and modern humans did not breed together at all.
B)archaic and modern humans bred together at a low level of admixture.
C)archaic and modern humans bred together extensively.
D)any conclusions are still unwarranted.
92
The most genetically diverse people in the world are
A)Africans.
B)Europeans.
C)Asians.
D)Australian Aborigines.
93
Neanderthal (or "archaic Homo sapiens) DNA has been found in Europe, but nowhere else in the world.
A)True
B)False
94
Anthropologists today view the human lineage as a
A)simple and linear development towards us.
B)a tree with just a few limbs on it.
C)a thickly branched bush.
D)a horizontal zig-zag line with progress at some points and regression at others.
95
Which of the following seems to be true regarding modern humans and Neanderthals?
A)The Neanderthals vanished without leaving any traces of DNA in modern peoples.
B)European ancestry is just as much Neanderthal as it is African.
C)Today, 1 to 4 percent of the genome for populations living outside of Africa is Neanderthal.
D)Neanderthals migrated to Africa during the last ice age and contributed about 10 percent of their genetic legacy there.
96
According to John J. Shea ("Refuting a Myth About Human Origins"), changes in human tool technology from the time of archaic Homo sapiens to that of modern Homo sapiens is the result of changes in
A)intellectual ability.
B)human anatomy.
C)adaptive strategies.
D)all of the above.
97
Which of the following is true?
A)humans did not migrate out of Africa and into Asia and Australia until they had all acquired Upper Paleolithic tools.
B)the cranial anatomy of the migrants to Asia and Australia is identical to that of their African forebears.
C)early Homo sapiens in Africa exhibit many of the many of the behaviors seen in the European Upper Paleolithic such as intensive fishing and the use of complex projectile weapons.
D)all of the above.
98
The simplest way to obtain a cutting edge from a stone is the
A)pebble-core reduction method.
B)Levallois technique.
C)prismatic-blade core technology.
D)geometric microlith technology.
99
The way to make versatile and efficiently transportable stone tools in a period of hypervariable climate is by using the
A)geometric microlith technique.
B)prismatic-blade core method.
C)Levallois technology.
D)large, bifacial core.
100
The differences in tool technology between the Neandethals and modern Homo sapiens is due to the "language gene."
A)True
B)False
101
As reported in "The Birth of Childhood," recent studies by Harvard paleoanthropologist Tanya Smith indicate that for the first members of our species, Homo sapiens, some 200,000 years ago in Africa, childhood
A)lasted only 4 or 5 years.
B)lasted longer than it does for modern humans.
C)had begun to extend compared with earlier species but was still much shorter than for modern humans.
D)was fully extended.
102
Which of the following is true about modern human reproduction?
A)Human mothers start having babies earlier than do chimpanzee mothers.
B)Human mothers in forager societies without birth control have more babies and have them at a faster rate than do chimpanzee mothers.
C)human mothers who start having babies after age 19 have fewer surviving babies.
D)it takes more of an extended family to provision and care for the young among chimpanzees than it does among humans.
103
As noted in "The Birth of Childhood," slow-growing, large-bodied animals, such as rhinos, elephants, and chimpanzees, differ from humans in that they are threatened with extinction in part because they delay reproduction.
A)True
B)False
104
In general, for humans, the earlier a baby is weaned, the more social support there is to feed such children and the more closely spaced the births are.
A)True
B)False
105
The Krapina Neandertals are useful for demographic study because they
A)were found in large number.
B)represent the remains of a single population.
C)include teeth which are one of the best of the skeletal elements for determining age at death.
D)all of the above.
106
Regarding early humans, individuals old enough to be grandparents had to be at least
A)25.
B)30.
C)45.
D)50
107
Dental analysis of the Krapina fossils indicate that none of them survived past the age of 30.
A)True
B)False
108
In comparison to the Neandertals, the higher number of adults in Upper Paleolithic fossil samples is due entirely to the fact that Upper Paleolithic peoples buried their dead more often.
A)True
B)False
109
Which of the following characteristics of the brain in dolphins surpasses that of any primate?
A)a high encephalization quotient.
B)neocortical gyrification, or folding of the cerebral cortex.
C)the Von Economo neurons, which have been linked in people to social fluency and the ability to sense what others think.
D)all of the above.
110
Which of the following is true, according to Stanford and Bearzi and Staford (A Bigger, Better Brain)? Chimpanzees
A)have cultural traditions.
B)have some language capabilities.
C)recognize themselves as individuals.
D)all of the above.
111
Which of the following is true?
A)primates live in an ecologically complex environment, dolphins in a simple one.
B)primates possess communication and social skills, but dolphins do not.
C)both primates and dolphins form coalitions in hunting for food.
D)primates form coalitions to sexually coerce females, but dolphins do not.
112
Although deceit and deception have been commonly found among primates, they have never been shown to exist among dolphins.
A)True
B)False
113
In terms of energy use, the hungriest part of the human body is the
A)heart.
B)brain.
C)stomach.
D)breathing apparatus.
114
In comparing the brains of various species it has been found that, as the brain expands in size,
A)the average size of nerve cells decreases.
B)the neurons of the cerebral cortex pack more densely.
C)the axons become thinner.
D)it becomes divided into a larger number of distinct areas which take on separate functions.
115
In general, over time, a species' brain size increases at a greater rate than its body size.
A)True
B)False
116
According to Gerhard Roth, in comparing species, the only tight correlation with intelligence is the number of neurons of the cortex, plus the speed of neuronal activity.
A)True
B)False
117
According to Laura Helmuth, the idea that we use only 10% of our brain
A)has substantial evidence in support of it.
B)is based on the fact that we have inherited a great deal of vestigial hardware from our ancestors that no longer has any use.
C)is inferred from the fact that most brain injuries are of very little consequence.
D)does not make evolutionary sense.
118
Which of the following is true, according to Laura Helmuth?
A)"Flashbulb memories," such as the details having to do with where one was during the attacks of September 11, 2001, decay over time.
B)Not all mental skills decline with age.
C)We have many more than five ways to sense the world around us.
D)All of the above are true.
119
Which of the following is true regarding women versus men?
A)Women outperform men on tests of empathy.
B)When women college students are told that a test is something Women usually do poorly on, they do poorly and when they are told that it is a test that college students usually do well on, they do well.
C)Women talk more than men do.
D)Women are better at judging other people's emotions than are men.
120
According to Laura Helmuth, a common cause of memory loss is a conk on the head and a common way to bring back such memory is another conk on the head.
A)True
B)False
121
As reported in "The Naked Truth," one of the most significant differences between the DNA of chimpanzees and humans lies in the genes that code for proteins that control properties of the
A)digestive system.
B)vocal chords.
C)joints.
D)skin.
122
According to Peter Wheeler, as cited in "The Naked Truth," hominids enhanced their eccrine sweating ability and lost their body hair when they
A)began incorporating more fruits and vegetables into their diet.
B)took to climbing trees at night to avoid predators.
C)had to range farther and wider for food.
D)started having to carry their newborn infants.
123
The optimal hair covering for hominids needing to keep the head cool is
A)long and straight.
B)tightly curled.
C)thickly matted.
D)thin and wispy.
124
As pointed out in the box "Of Lice and Men" within the article "The Naked Truth," body lice have existed since the beginning of modern man, but head lice evolved later.
A)True
B)False
125
As described in "Can White Men Jump?", today's Kenyan runners are not superhumans with super-genes, but rather they are participants in
A)good old-fashioned ambition for success.
B)a military-like regimen of training.
C)a culture of the extreme.
D)a revolution against nineteenth-century stereotypes.
126
According to "Can White Men Jump?", after the 2008 Summer Olympics, the immediate suspicion was that the Jamaicans who were so dominant in track and field succeeded because of
A)steroid use.
B)a protein produced by a special gene variant called ACTN3.
C)their high-protein, high-carb diet.
D)an intensive training program.
127
The authors of "Can White Men Jump?" note that when British runner Roger Bannister became the first human to run the four-minute mile, it was years before other runners achieved the same feat.
A)True
B)False
128
As mentioned in "Skin Deep," among primates only humans
A)care about skin color.
B)never change hair color.
C)have mostly naked skin that comes in different colors.
D)consider grooming important.
129
As suggested in "Skin Deep," the ability of skin color to adapt over long periods to the various environments to which humans have moved reflects
A)the importance of skin color to human survival.
B)racial harmony.
C)ethnic mobility and adaptability.
D)European genetic influence.
130
According to "Skin Deep," women in all human populations are
A)darker than men.
B)lighter than men.
C)overloaded with vitamin D.
D)use skin creams that cause folate deficiency.
131
Dark-skinned people who live in areas of relatively less sunlight are more likely than light-skinned people to experience
A)premature aging of the skin.
B)folate deficiency.
C)skin cancer.
D)vitamin D deficiency.
132
As reported in "Skin Deep," populations that live in the tropics receive enough ultraviolet light from the sun to synthesize vitamin D all year long.
A)True
B)False
133
The misunderstanding that race is a biological fact, as put forth in "How Real Is Race? Using Anthropology to Make Sense of Human Diversity," is reinforced in education when teachers are taught that they should understand
A)how issues of identity formation are made more difficult for students from mixed racial backgrounds.
B)the specific learning styles and behavior patterns of students of different races.
C)the teaching of evolution may be very difficult for some students to accept.
D)demographic trends based on race and social and economic positions.
134
The idea of race, as explained in "How Real Is Race? Using Anthropology to Make Sense of Human Diversity," emerged in Europe and coincided with
A)new ideas of democracy and equality.
B)advances in science and technology.
C)the unification of the European nations.
D)colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade.
135
Which of the following do the authors of "How Real Is Race?" claim to be true?
A)Although there were at one time distinct, archaic human subspecies, these have been blended in recent centuries by intermarriage.
B)There are definite scientifically valid biological groupings of humans, no matter what you call them.
C)The racial categories used by the U.S. Census Bureau have been arbitrary and subjective and have even changed over time.
D)Racial categories have helped physicians in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of medical diseases.
136
Which of the following is true?
A)While races are biological fictions, they are social realities.
B)Neither teachers nor anybody else can make people stop classifying by race.
C)The concept of "race as biology" is not dangerous because no one has a vested interest in holding onto racial cagetories.
D)Race is a useful predictor of such outcomes and behaviors as achievement in sports, music, school and employment.
137
During the late nineteenth century, as presented in "How Real Is Race? Using Anthropology to Make Sense of Human Diversity," physical evolution was seen as moving at a distinctly slower pace than cultural evolution.
A)True
B)False
138
The genetic variability found within each "racial" grouping is far greater than the genetic similarity.
A)True
B)False
139
As described in "The Tall and the Short of It," plasticity refers to the ability of an organism to
A)change its genetic destiny.
B)insulate itself from its environment.
C)manipulate its gene for growth.
D)adapt in response to changes in the environment.
140
As reported in "The Tall and the Short of It," studies on height reveal that
A)adult height is determined solely by genes.
B)changing the growth patterns within groups takes centuries.
C)improving the diet and health of Maya refugees led to their having taller children.
D)the Tutsis are taller on average than most Americans.
141
The tallest people in the world are the
A)Americans.
B)Dutch.
C)Watusi.
D)those who were born as low-birth-weight babies.
142
As explained in "The Tall and the Short of It," low-birth-weight babies tend to continue slow growth throughout childhood.
A)True
B)False
143
Which of the following can reveal the most about a murder weapon? The victim's
A)skin.
B)soft tissue.
C)bones.
D)sex.
144
According to Maples, the deadliest city in the most crime-ridden state of the United States is
A)Miami.
B)New York.
C)Los Angeles.
D)Minneapolis.
145
The field of forensic anthropology is small because there is so little work needing to be done.
A)True
B)False
146
According to archaeologist Penny Sipkins ("Different Minds"), mental illness such as bipolar disorder and autism in Paleolithic human societies
A)occurred at low levels because the genes for them were naturally selected out.
B)occurred at relatively high levels because of close inbreeding.
C)occurred at relatively high levels because such traits were associated with creativity and inventiveness.
D)occurred at low levels because such individuals were regularly put to death.
147
According to Penny Sipkins, our ancestors began to value "different minds"
A)when they made the transition from primates to upright walking hominins.
B)around 100,000 years ago, with the invention of such tools as Spear throwers, bows and arrows, fishing harpoons, traps and snares.
C)about 2.6 million years ago when they developed hand axes, scrapers and thrusting spears.
D)with the development of language.
148
Scientific evidence indicates that there is a connection between attention deficit disorder and
A)high energy levels.
B)migratory tendencies.
C)environmental adaptability
D)all of the above.
149
According to David Whitley ("Different Minds") most shamans have had mood disorders and most probably it has been bipolar disorder.
A)True
B)False
150
As postulated in "The Viral Superhighway," there were no epidemics for most of human history because
A)most pathogens had not yet evolved to be so virulent.
B)such diseases as there were responded well to herbal remedies.
C)groups of people were sparse and widely dispersed.
D)very few people traveled more than a mile from their birthplace during their whole lives.
151
As noted in "The Viral Superhighway," about a third of the population of medieval Europe was wiped out between 1347 and 1351 by bubonic plague, which is spread by
A)contaminated water.
B)fleas that live on rodents.
C)saliva or other bodily fluids.
D)mosquitoes.
152
According to "The Viral Superhighway," the suburbanization of the eastern United States has been a dominant factor in the emergence of
A)Lyme disease.
B)Rift Valley Fever.
C)new strains of tuberculosis.
D)dengue fever.
153
As defined in "The Viral Superhighway," what Egyptian demographer Abdel R. Omran called "epidemiological transition" refers to the shift from infectious diseases as major killers in modern industrial nations to death by the "diseases of civilization" such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis.
A)True
B)False
154
As stated in "The Viral Superhighway," death from infectious diseases has steadily decreased in the United States in recent years.
A)True
B)False
155
As revealed in "The Perfect Plague," the highest known epidemic death toll in history was caused by
A)bubonic plague in the 1340s.
B)typhus from 1501 to 1587.
C)cholera from 1852 to 1860.
D)influenza in 1918 and 1919.
156
As reported in "The Perfect Plague," the Ministry of Health in Venezuela looks for an early warning of a possible outbreak of yellow fever by monitoring
A)representative blood samples from citizens.
B)immigrants to the country.
C)mosquito populations.
D)unusual numbers of dead wild monkeys.
157
The big killer diseases in human history all come from microbes that evolved in association with humans, not other species.
A)True
B)False
158
As shown in "The Perfect Plague," the most notable source of disease in the tropics is mosquitoes.
A)True
B)False
159
The Zombie Apocalypse campaign has to do with
A)a hypothetical movie dreamed up by a group of scientists.
B)a plan to teach disaster preparedness.
C)expectation that many people will be living as vegetables on life support systems.
D)the hope of getting young people to spend more time studying than playing video games.
160
Which of the following seems to be contributing to the possibility of future pandemics, according to "The Human Vector?"
A)Industrial animal farms
B)The use of massive doses of antibiotics to curb animal infections.
C)Hospitals.
D)All of the above.
161
According to Wendy Orent ("The Human Vector"), the best way to prepare for a human pandemic is to stockpile food, water and flashlights and find a place to hide.
A)True
B)False
162
According to Orent, the thing that most new diseases do not do very well is spread from person to person.
A)True
B)False
163
The traditional diet of the Far North, along with exercise, provided a hedge against
A)Obesity.
B)type 2 diabetes.
C)heart disease.
D)all of the above.
164
As indicated in "The Inuit Paradox," no one, not even residents of the northernmost villages on Earth
A)eat an entirely traditional northern diet anymore.
B)care about proper nutrition.
C)listen to their cardiologists about nutrition.
D)emphasize diet their life plans.
165
As shown in "The Inuit Paradox," the Eskimo did well on
A)low protein and low fat diets.
B)high protein and high fat diets.
C)minimal carbohydrates.
D)excessive carbohydrates.
166
According to "The Inuit Paradox," wild animals that range freely have fat that is more healthful than that of domesticated animals.
A)True
B)False
167
As related in "The Inuit Paradox," the closer people live to towns and the more access they have to stores and cash-paying jobs, the more likely they are to have Westernized their eating.
A)True
B)False
168
As described in "Curse and Blessing of the Ghetto," characteristics of Tay-Sachs disease include the fact that it
A)is easily treatable.
B)is programmed in the genes.
C)can be prevented.
D)only attacks female children.
169
The enzyme absent in Tay-Sachs children, according to "Curse and Blessing of the Ghetto," is coded for by a piece of
A)microbe.
B)lysosome.
C)DNA.
D)protein.
170
The theory favored by Jared Diamond to explain the frequency of Tay-Sachs has to do with
A)the conferring of immunity to tuberculosis.
B)an unusually high frequency of mutation.
C)migration into Eastern Europe from some other part of the world.
D)the founder effect and random genetic drift.
171
To get Tay-Sachs, as claimed in "Curse and Blessing of the Ghetto," a child may inherit a defective gene from just one parent.
A)True
B)False
172
One of the reasons that Tay-Sachs does not seem to be the result of a genetic accident such as the founder effect is that more than one mutation is involved.
A)True
B)False
173
According to Diamond, many of our common genetic diseases may persist because they bring both blessings and curses.
A)True
B)False
174
Hemochromatosis is a condition which
A)involves the human body absorbing insufficient iron.
B)involves the human body absorbing too much iron.
C)involves the right amount of iron for the human body, but it attacks the immune system.
D)occurs least commonly among peoples of Western European descent.
175
As presented in "Ironing It Out," hemochromatosis is
A)a viral infection.
B)present only in men.
C)a hereditary disease.
D)usually noticed before puberty.
176
Which of the following has to do with defense against disease?
A)blood-letting.
B)breast-feeding.
C)covering wounds with egg-white-soaked straw.
D)all of the above.
177
As outlined in "Ironing It Out," without enough iron, a person has all of the following symptoms except
A)a poorly functioning immune system.
B)feeling confused and/or dizzy.
C)feeling extremely fatigued.
D)the skin appears tanned.
178
As given in "Ironing It Out," iron is both essential to human life and attractive to nearly every biological threat to human life.
A)True
B)False
179
The macrophages that surround and try to subdue or destroy disease-causing microbes were the suppliers of iron to bubonic plague bacteria.
A)True
B)False
180
In Israel, some children are filing "wrongful life suits" against
A)their parents.
B)medical professionals.
C)the Israeli government.
D)religious institutions.
181
Ethical questions having to do with of the rise of "wrongful life" lawsuits in Israel include
A)the value of the lives of disabled people.
B)the possible termination of healthy pregnancies.
C)lawyers looking to drum up business in communities with high rates of inbreeding and genetic disease.
D)all of the above.
182
One of the problems with the "wrongful life" lawsuits in Israel is the fact that the government is very strongly anti-science and anti-genetic testing.
A)True
B)False





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