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1
According to "Stand and Deliver: Why Did Early Hominids Begin to Walk on Two Feet?" Darwin speculated that the importance of bipedalism was that it:
A)allowed hominids to look over tall grasses and other obstacles to see predators.
B)freed the hands from the demands of locomotion, therby opening the way for toolmaking and other manual activities.
C)gave males an opportunity to carry food back to hapless baby-toting females.
D)is the most energy-efficient way for a hominid to get around on a flat surface.
2
As explained in "Stand and Deliver: Why Did Early Hominids Begin to Walk on Two Feet?" author Craig Stanford argues that:
A)bipedalism was driven by environmental change.
B)the locomotor adaptation of the 3.2-million-year-old skeleton from Ethiopia known as Lucy was transitional.
C)the shift in the hominid diet to fruits and vegetables instead of meat laid the groundwork for their success.
D)from the beginning hominids appear to have been ecological generalists.
3
As profiled in "Stand and Deliver: Why Did Early Hominids Begin to Walk on Two Feet?" despite Craig Stanford's insistence that hominids succeeded because they were generalists, he eventually falls back on environmental change as at least the initial external impetus for the multi-stage sequence of events that led to bipedalism.
A)True
B)False
4
As maintained in "Redrawing Humanity's Family Tree," the discovery of two ancient skulls has caused paleontologists to:
A)admit that the first human relatives never left Africa.
B)rethink some of their ideas about the first migrations out of Africa by human relatives.
C)conclude that early Homo sapiens could not walk upright.
D)decide that the earliest human relatives originated in Western Europe.
5
According to "Redrawing Humanity's Family Tree," a geographic oddity of the Toumai remains is that they were found in:
A)northern Africa.
B)southern Africa.
C)central Africa.
D)eastern Africa.
6
As pointed out in "Redrawing Humanity's Family Tree," modern Homo sapiens are only one of several types of hominids living today.
A)True
B)False
7
As asserted in "Mapping the Past," the "greatest archaeological excavation in history" is being undertaken by geneticists who are recognizing sequences in the human genome that:
A)account for the diversity of the human race.
B)may predict inherited diseases.
C)identify specific human lineages.
D)act as a blueprint for mapping out the makeup of our bodies.
8
According to "Mapping the Past," it is contended that genes cannot wholly account for humanity's diversity because:
A)genes only reflect history.
B)DNA research questions disputes over the identity of a particular people.
C)research has shown that culture usually drives the spread of genes and not vice versa.
D)racial differences are external.
9
As delineated in "First Americans," all of the following are reasons why the theory that the first Americans came by sea has gained credence except that:
A)the Pacific Rim has vast resources of salmon and sea mammals, and people need only the simplest of tools to exploit them.
B)new evidence suggests that the Bering Strait became submerged several thousand years earlier than previously thought.
C)ancient mariners could have had smooth sailing through relatively unchanging coastal environments.
D)there were thawed pockets of coastline in northwest North America where people could take refuge and gather provisions.
10
Current speculation, as related in "First Americans," suggests that the mysterious fifth mtDNA lineage, called X, may have originated in:
A)southern Asia.
B)the Middle East.
C)northern Africa.
D)Eurasia.
11
According to "First Americans," most prehistoric Americans do not really look like anyone alive today, nor do they look much like one another.
A)True
B)False
12
As revealed in "Japanese Roots," the Japanese and Korean peoples are:
A)similar both biologically and linguistically.
B)similar biologically, but very distinctive linguistically.
C)similar linguistically, but very distinctive biologically.
D)dissimilar both biologically and linguistically.
13
As asserted in "Japanese Roots," the theory of Japanese origins that is most popular in Japan is the view that the Japanese:
A)descended from immigrants from Korea who arrived with rice-paddy agriculture around 400 B.C.
B)descended from horse-riding Asian nomads who passed through Korea to conquer Japan in the fourth century.
C)gradually evolved from ancient Ice Age people who occupied Japan long before 20,000 B.C.
D)are a mixture of the various groups: ancient Ice Age people, Asian nomads, and others.
14
As revealed in "Japanese Roots," the first full-scale agriculture in Japan occurred during the Yayoi period.
A)True
B)False
15
As noted in "Prehistory of Warfare," scholars assume that a normal part of human culture was:
A)technology.
B)religion.
C)politics.
D)warfare.
16
According to "Prehistory of Warfare," those that had the most intense warfare of any type of society were:
A)nomadic tribes.
B)forager bands.
C)tribally organized farmers.
D)acorn gatherers.
17
As reported in "Prehistory of Warfare," virtually all the basic textbooks on archaeology ignore the prevalence or significance of past warfare.
A)True
B)False
18
As detailed in "Writing Gets a Rewrite," Denise Schmandt-Besserat proposed that the geometrically-diverse tokens found in Iraq, Syria, and Iran signified:
A)nothing, but were part of an ancient game.
B)deities in a wide-ranging ancient belief system.
C)characters in the first system of writing.
D)different commercial objects and their quantity.
19
As lamented in "Writing Gets a Rewrite," scholars have not split open the hollow, token-filled spheres from Mesopotamia thought to be a major clue to the origins of their writing system because:
A)they can learn more from the intact spheres.
B)they lack the technology to do so.
C)museum curators refuse to let them.
D)they are afraid of destroying vital clues.
20
As noted in "Writing Gets a Rewrite," the Mesopotamian writing system called cuneiform died out less than a century after the Mesopotamian civilization itself.
A)True
B)False
21
As described in "Time and the River: Life in Ancient Egypt Was Geared to the Annual," in the Pleistocene era, Egypt was:
A)an uninhabitable desert.
B)part of the eastern Sahara.
C)home to the world's first farming communities.
D)unified into the first large nation state.
22
As explained in "Time and the River: Life in Ancient Egypt Was Geared to the Annual," the major god most closely associated with the Nile was:
A)Osiris.
B)Seth.
C)Isis.
D)Horus.
23
The single Egyptian state was the first large nation state, as given in "Time and the River: Life in Ancient Egypt Was Geared to the Annual."
A)True
B)False
24
As related in "Poets and Psalmists: Goddesses and Theologians," the Sumerian goddess who remained predominant and preeminent to the very end of Sumerian civilization was:
A)Ki.
B)Nammu.
C)Inanna.
D)Baranamtarra.
25
As detailed in "Poets and Psalmists: Goddesses and Theologians," the Sumerian goddess Inanna:
A)lost most of her power and influence through manipulation of her legend by male theologians.
B)took over divine rulership of the city of Erech from the heaven-god An.
C)was secondary to her spouse Dumuzi in popular adoration.
D)had to apologize to Enki, the King of the Deep, for failing to grant him enough power and status.
26
As noted in "Poets and Psalmists: Goddesses and Theologians," the Lagashite goddess Nanshe's husband Nindara was a far less significant figure than she was, and he did not participate in her yearly judgment of mankind.
A)True
B)False
27
As discussed in "The Cradle of Cash," the most important reason for the replacement of the bartering system with the use of cash in Mesopotamia was that money:
A)was easier to carry.
B)did not decay.
C)could be hoarded.
D)could be standardized.
28
The richest citizens of Mesopotamia, according to "The Cradle of Cash," typically paid for their purchases with:
A)silver.
B)gold.
C)copper.
D)barley.
29
There is very little mention of money in the world's earliest written texts, according to "The Cradle of Cash."
A)True
B)False
30
Compared to cities in Mesopotamia, according to "Indus Valley, Inc.," a typical Indus Valley city such as Harappa did not have:
A)better sanitation and drainage systems.
B)greater organization and order.
C)less haphazard streets.
D)stronger defenses and a more powerful army.
31
As noted in "Indus Valley, Inc.," the most common image depicted on Indus Valley seals was that of the:
A)elephant.
B)humped bull.
C)unicorn.
D)crocodile.
32
As revealed in "Indus Valley, Inc.," scholars have been unable to decipher the Indus Valley language.
A)True
B)False
33
The source of the information about Assyrian warfare that is presented in "Five Ways to Conquer a City" was a series of:
A)ancient written texts.
B)wall reliefs from palaces.
C)decorations on clay pots.
D)decorations on tombs.
34
Of the following methods of attacking a walled city, as discussed in "Five Ways to Conquer a City," the method that was probably the most dangerous to the attackers was:
A)laying siege to the city.
B)cutting off the city's water supply.
C)using a battering ram to destroy a wall or gate.
D)digging tunnels to undermine the walls.
35
As stated in "Five Ways to Conquer a City," many of the exploits of the Assyrian kings whose deeds are depicted on the excavated wall reliefs are also described in the Bible.
A)True
B)False
36
As cited in "Empires in the Dust," in 1966, British arcaeologist James Mellaart suggested that a whole spectrum of third-millenium civilizations fell because of:
A)drought.
B)barbarian invasions.
C)earthquakes.
D)disruption of trade routes.
37
As described in "Empires in the Dust," Harvey Weiss' studies of early civilizations have convinced him that their economies were fundamentally dependent on:
A)political harmony.
B)ongoing warfare.
C)religious devotion.
D)agricultural production.
38
As discussed in "Empires in the Dust," several neighboring societies were collapsing around the same time that the Mesopotamian civilization fell.
A)True
B)False
39
According to "Out of Africa: The Superb Artwork of Ancient Nubia," facts about Nubian culture were purposefully neglected in the recordings and teachings of Europeans between the sixth and nineteenth centuries because:
A)the Nubians were black-skinned.
B)Europeans feared the Nubians' black magic.
C)Nubians were not Christian.
D)of ancient ethnic rivalries.
40
According to "Out of Africa: The Superb Artwork of Ancient Nubia," the civilization of Nubia is referred to in the Bible as:
A)Ur.
B)Goshen.
C)Kush.
D)Hittite.
41
According to "Out of Africa: The Superb Artwork of Ancient Nubia," the plans to raise waters around the Aswan Dam have twice been responsible for renewed excavation of ruins of ancient Nubia.
A)True
B)False
42
According to "In Classical Athens, a Market Trading in the Currency of Ideas," the place considered the "living heart" of Classical Athens was the:
A)Deli.
B)Cleisthenes.
C)Agora.
D)Suq.
43
As recounted in "In Classical Athens, a Market Trading in the Currency of Ideas," the famous philosopher who is most closely associated with the Agora, having lived his life and met his death there, was:
A)Plato.
B)Aristotle.
C)Socrates.
D)Pericles.
44
According to "In Classical Athens, a Market Trading in the Currency of Ideas," citizens met in the Agora to trade goods and ideas, gossip, argue, and vote.
A)True
B)False
45
According to "Cleopatra: What Kind of a Woman Was She, Anyway?" one thing that can be said with assurance about Cleopatra is that she:
A)was stunningly beautiful.
B)was well educated.
C)never really loved Antony but only assisted him out of ambition.
D)died after being bitten by an asp.
46
There are many different versions of Cleopatra's life, as noted in "Cleopatra: What Kind of a Woman Was She, Anyway?" but nearly all of them drew on the biography written by:
A)Thucydides.
B)Cicero.
C)Shakespeare.
D)Plutarch.
47
Most classical scholars, as suggested in "Cleopatra: What Kind of a Woman Was She, Anyway?" agree that it is possible that Cleopatra was black.
A)True
B)False
48
According to "Lost No More," the Etruscans:
A)were ferocious warriors who migrated to Italy from North Africa.
B)founded the first democracy in the Mediterranean basin.
C)were a conduit for the introduction of Greek culture to the Romans.
D)descendants of early Greek traders.
49
As described in "Lost No More," women in Etruscan society:
A)were treated as badly as slaves.
B)had a fairly high status.
C)had a higher status than most men.
D)often fought beside the male warriors.
50
As stated in "Lost No More," the Romans always acknowledged their cultural debt to the Etruscans.
A)True
B)False
51
All of the following are movements that the author of "It Happened Only Once in History" credits to the Jews except:
A)communism.
B)Christianity.
C)the Renaissance.
D)psychoanalysis.
52
The mode of interpreting history rejected by the author of "It Happened Only Once in History" is:
A)political interpretation.
B)geographic interpretation.
C)economic interpretation.
D)unhistoric interpretation.
53
According to "It Happened Only Once in History," the Jews have lasted 4,000 years and have had 6 cultures in 6 alien civilizations.
A)True
B)False
54
As explained in "Ancient Jewel," all of the following are critically important central tenets of the Indian way of thinking except that:
A)the senses can lead to a perfect understanding of the world around us.
B)all changes in the world take place through cycles.
C)new experiences and ideas are simply absorbed into, and made a part of, old experiences.
D)opposites coexist in the world.
55
The low percentage of literacy of the Indian people, according to "Ancient Jewel," is misleading because:
A)India has so few written works.
B)of the strong oral traditions present in India since antiquity.
C)there are so many different Indian dialects.
D)the population density of India is nearly 10 times that of the United States.
56
Classical India, as claimed in "Ancient Jewel," was isolated from developing civilizations in other parts of the world.
A)True
B)False
57
As explained in "What Is the Koran?" many Muslims are reluctant to have the Koran reinterpreted because they:
A)believe that the Yemeni fragments and other pieces of accumulated textual evidence are forgeries.
B)fear that it may lead to the destruction of Islam.
C)fear that the Bible will be revealed as the more reliable text.
D)believe it is the direct and perfect Word of God and thus its sanctity and authority cannot be questioned.
58
As discussed in "What Is the Koran?" the authors of the controversial 1977 book _Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World_ asserted all of the following about the origins of Islam except that:
A)the term "Muslim" was not commonly used in early Islam.
B)the idea of the hijra may have evolved long after Muhummad died.
C)Mecca was not the initial Islamic sanctuary.
D)the text of the Koran came into being earlier than is now believed.
59
As reported in "What Is the Koran?" the Koran has traditionally been read and recited in the original Arabic by Muslims worldwide, the majority of whom do not speak the language.
A)True
B)False
60
Of the following great world religions, as discussed in "The Dome of the Rock: Jerusalem's Epicenter," the only one for which Jerusalem is not sacred is:
A)Hinduism.
B)Judaism.
C)Islam.
D)Christianity.
61
As revealed in "The Dome of the Rock: Jerusalem's Epicenter," Muslims believe that:
A)Moses was the first of the great prophets.
B)Jesus Christ was equal to Muhammad in importance as a prophet.
C)God only revealed his teachings to Muhammad, and there have been no other prophets.
D)Muhammad was the last of the prophets, the culmination of all that had gone before.
62
As stated in "The Dome of the Rock: Jerusalem's Epicenter," the calligraphy encircling the structure of the Dome of the Rock contains all the Qur'anic verses about the prophet Jesus.
A)True
B)False
63
All of the following concepts had their origins in Christianity, as revealed in "2000 Years of Jesus," except:
A)the promise of everlasting life.
B)monotheism, or the belief in one God.
C)the doctrine of the Trinity.
D)the nobility of suffering.
64
The author of "2000 Years of Jesus" argues that Christianity "discovered" the:
A)state.
B)family.
C)individual.
D)child.
65
As asserted in "2000 Years of Jesus," Christians have not suffered any persecution in the 20th century.
A)True
B)False
66
As pointed out in "Women in Ancient Christianity: The New Discoveries," the earliest Christian writing definitely by a woman is by:
A)Prisca, a prophet who helped to inspire the Montanist movement.
B)Mary Magdalene, the follower of Jesus dubbed "apostle to the apostles."
C)Junia, a prominent apostle who had been jailed for her beliefs, addressed by Paul in one of his letters.
D)Perpetua, a wealthy woman put to death in Carthage on the charge of being a Christian.
67
As related in "Women in Ancient Christianity: The New Discoveries," it is argued in the Gospel of Mary that:
A)women are more suited to spiritual leadership than men.
B)Mary Magdalene was a repentant prostitute.
C)leadership should be based on spiritual maturity, regardless of gender.
D)female leadership is an heretical concept.
68
As stated in "Women in Ancient Christianity: The New Discoveries," every variety of ancient Christianity that advocated the legitimacy of women's leadership was eventually declared heretical.
A)True
B)False
69
Over the centuries, according to "Confucius," the aspect of Confucius's teachings that was the most important to readers was:
A)the lists of moral behavior.
B)his actual words.
C)other people's interpretations and commentaries.
D)the stories of his life.
70
As stated in "Confucius," in the twelfth century A.D., what religion from India was introduced to China and merged some of its premises with Confucianism?
A)Buddhism
B)Shintoism
C)Taoism
D)Janism
71
According to "Confucius," the Chinese Communists considered Confucian ideas to be detrimental to progress.
A)True
B)False
72
In the major religions in which he plays a large part, as described in "The Legacy of Abraham," Abraham is first significant as the first person to:
A)avow that there is only one God.
B)turn his back on his parents to pursue his own faith.
C)witness a miracle.
D)receive direct instruction from God.
73
The history of Abraham, as maintained in "The Legacy of Abraham," points out monotheism's darker side, which is the desire of people to:
A)mythologize figures even if they would learn more from them as ordinary human beings.
B)cling to scripture in spite of evidence in opposition.
C)define themselves by excluding or demonizing others.
D)present as simple a story of faith as possible from important figures.
74
Jews, as pointed out in "The Legacy of Abraham," are often unaware of Abraham's significance for Christians and both Jews and Christians know little about Abraham's importance to Muslims.
A)True
B)False
75
The Eastern Roman Empire managed to outlast the Western Empire, as explained in "The Survival of the Eastern Roman Empire," for all of the following reasons except that it had:
A)more skillful individual leaders.
B)a more strategic location.
C)a wealthier agricultural base.
D)leaders who practiced a higher order of statecraft.
76
The enemies of Rome who could boast the most centralized, sophisticated state, as identified in "The Survival of the Eastern Roman Empire," were the:
A)Huns.
B)Visigoths.
C)Persians.
D)Franks.
77
As noted in "The Survival of the Eastern Roman Empire," Alaric was a strong leader of the Germanic tribe known as the Vandals.
A)True
B)False
78
Whereas the research of the early archaeologists who studied Mayan culture was concerned mainly with the lives of religious and political leaders, as discussed in "The New Maya," the work of more recent scholars focuses on:
A)road building.
B)common people.
C)temple construction.
D)analysis of hieroglyphics.
79
As maintained in "The New Maya," the most common occupation for people in Mayan societies was:
A)trade.
B)agricultural production.
C)the manufacture and selling of pottery.
D)religious duties.
80
Postwar archaeological research, as profiled in "The New Maya," has revealed that Mayan cities were designed mainly as centers for religious activity.
A)True
B)False
81
The author of "The End of the Roman Empire" bases his arguments about post-Roman civilization on:
A)language changes.
B)barbarian accounts.
C)the writings of early Christians.
D)archaeological evidence.
82
As shown in "The End of the Roman Empire," much of the examination of post-Roman sites is accomplished by studying:
A)pottery and pottery fragments.
B)coins.
C)climate changes.
D)the effects of fires.
83
The author of "The End of the Roman Empire" believes that the collapse of the empire can be seen as the "end of a civilization."
A)True
B)False
84
Regarding the Holy Roman Empire, as maintained in "The Ideal of Unity," the people of Europe over the last thousand years have wanted to believe in its existence because the idea of unity was important to strengthening their:
A)image as peaceful people.
B)sense of greatness.
C)racial identities.
D)commitment to exploration and achievement.
85
During the days of the classical Roman Empire, as cited in "The Ideal of Unity," the emperor was, at least in theory, always chosen by the:
A)previous emperor as an heir.
B)army and people.
C)high priests.
D)governing Senate.
86
The actual coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor, as described in "The Ideal of Unity," suggested, along with Charlemagne's protestations, that the ceremony had not been planned prior to the Pope's actions on Christmas Day, 800.
A)True
B)False
87
During Europe's Middle Ages, as maintained in "The Arab Roots of European Medicine," Arab physicians:
A)produced great works of scholarship that never reached Europe.
B)did Europe a great service by rescuing important classical works from obscurity and translating them, but added very few of their own ideas.
C)not only provided a line of transmission for the medical knowledge of the classical world, but also corrected and enormously expanded that knowledge.
D)came to study at the great European universities and carried their knowledge back to the Islamic world.
88
As shown in "The Arab Roots of European Medicine," the Arabs established the first hospitals, the prototypes upon which modern hospitals are based. They were known as:
A)bimaristans.
B)caliphs.
C)saydalani.
D)canons.
89
Although medieval Europeans were not sophisticated about medicine, as recounted in "The Arab Roots of European Medicine," they did understand the importance of hygiene.
A)True
B)False
90
As given in "The Explorer Marco Polo," the mission of Marco Polo on his voyage for the Yuan ruler Khubilai Khan was to:
A)bring evidence of Khubilai Khan's conversion to Christianity to the pope.
B)deliver extravagant gifts from the Mongols to the leaders of the Italian city-states.
C)escort and deliver a bride for a Mongol sultan.
D)present a treaty offered by the Mongol ruler to the doge of Venice.
91
As claimed in "The Explorer Marco Polo," Sri Lanka was particularly noted for its:
A)beautiful women.
B)cannibals.
C)elaborate temples.
D)precious stones.
92
As pointed out in "The Explorer Marco Polo," almost all medieval travelers remarked on the linguistic diversity they encountered.
A)True
B)False
93
According to "The Fall of Constantinople," the Ottomans wanted to capture the city for all of the following reasons except its:
A)strategic military importance.
B)material wealth.
C)population, which could be enslaved.
D)reputation as a great city and imperial capital.
94
As stated in "The Fall of Constantinople," the factor that sealed the fate of the city was:
A)an outbreak of plague within the city.
B)the defenders' inability to invest in the current technology of warfare.
C)desertions by Italian allies.
D)the presence in the city of Muslim spies.
95
As noted in "The Fall of Constantinople," the siege of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks was a surprise to the Byzantine Christians.
A)True
B)False
96
As revealed in "Clocks: Revolution in Time," the people who invented the first mechanical clock and were thus responsible for a quantum leap in timekeeping were the:
A)Chinese.
B)Europeans.
C)Arabs.
D)Aztecs.
97
According to "Clocks: Revolution in Time," the Chinese spent many years perfecting:
A)solar clocks.
B)hydraulic clocks.
C)mechanical clocks.
D)air clocks.
98
According to "Clocks: Revolution in Time," clocks were an invention that was not readily accepted.
A)True
B)False
99
As claimed in "1492: The Prequel," Chinese admiral Zheng He commanded an armada that was not surpassed until:
A)the Spanish Armada.
B)the Napoleonic Wars.
C)World War I.
D)World War II.
100
According to "1492: The Prequel," the struggle for power in China was between the:
A)scholars and the military.
B)military and religious leaders.
C)scholars and the palace eunuchs.
D)middle class and the peasants.
101
The author of "1492: The Prequel" believes that the retreat of Asia into relative isolation after the voyages of Zheng He amounted to a catastrophic missed opportunity.
A)True
B)False
102
The Jewish leader Don Isaac Abravanel, as profiled in "The Other 1492: Jews and Muslims in Columbus's Spain," would have been allowed to stay in Spain after 1492 had he agreed to give up his:
A)wealth.
B)position.
C)faith.
D)mobility.
103
The event that helped motivate Ferdinand and Isabella to expel Muslims and Jews from Spain in 1492, as indicated in "The Other 1492: Jews and Muslims in Columbus's Spain," was:
A)the Ottoman Turkish conquest of Constantinople in 1453.
B)Columbus's impending voyage in search of a new passage to Asia.
C)the 1412 law that limited the rights of Jews and Muslims in Spain.
D)pogroms against Spanish Jews that took place in 1391.
104
As disclosed in "The Other 1492: Jews and Muslims in Columbus's Spain," there is no truth to the legend that the Jews of Toledo welcomed the Moorish armies in 711.
A)True
B)False
105
As explained in "The Far West's Challenge to the World, 1500-1700 A.D.," disease was a factor that contributed to European domination elsewhere in the world after 1500 because:
A)Europeans learned to deliberately spread diseases to other peoples as a means of conquest.
B)European diseases became lethal epidemics among many populations around the world, while foreign diseases had little effect on Europe.
C)epidemics such as smallpox and measles spread through Europe at an astounding rate, drastically reducing the amount of resources required by the population.
D)many other populations swiftly developed immunities to European diseases, making contact with other cultures easier.
106
As stated in "The Far West's Challenge to the World, 1500-1700 A.D.," no other European nations approached the early overseas successes of:
A)England and Scotland.
B)France and the Netherlands.
C)Spain and Portugal.
D)Germany and Belgium.
107
Chinese civilization, as pointed out in "The Far West's Challenge to the World, 1500-1700 A.D.," was seriously affected by the spread of European power and influence after 1500 and quickly succumbed to European domination.
A)True
B)False
108
The author of "Columbus and the Labyrinth of History," concludes that it is best to see Christopher Columbus as:
A)someone who is destined to serve as a barometer of each generation's attitudes.
B)a lucky adventurer blinded by medieval mysticism.
C)a villain who initiated an international slave trade and European imperialism.
D)a lone hero defying the odds and entrenched thinking to change the world.
109
According to "Columbus and the Labyrinth of History," Columbus lost his chance to have the New World bear his name when he ignored the tremendous volume of fresh water flowing from the Orinoco River because he:
A)failed to appreciate that this might be evidence of a continent.
B)was not an adventurous man.
C)was marooned for a year on Jamaica.
D)was arrested and sent back in irons to Spain.
110
Ferdinand and Isabella, as suggested in "Columbus and the Labyrinth of History," enthusiastically supported Columbus from the beginning.
A)True
B)False
111
As concluded in "How Many People Were Here Before Columbus?" most scholars agree that the pre-Columbus Indian population in the Americas:
A)numbered around 54 million.
B)will be estimated quite accurately once more research has been done into warrior counts, food availability, and the like.
C)can be estimated accurately if extrapolated from the 1496 census of Hispaniola.
D)might one day be estimated with a margin of error of 30 to 50 percent.
112
As revealed in "How Many People Were Here Before Columbus?" scholars now believe that most of America's Indians were wiped out by:
A)diseases brought by Europeans.
B)white settlers.
C)food shortages.
D)warfare with other Indian tribes.
113
According to "How Many People Were Here Before Columbus?" anthropologist Henry Dobyns argued that disease reduced the Indian population in the New World by 95 percent or more.
A)True
B)False
114
As characterized in "A Passage to India," the primary purpose of Vasco da Gama's voyage that began in 1497 was to:
A)forcibly Christianize the lands he visited.
B)find Asia by sailing east, around the Cape of Good Hope.
C)claim lands for colonizing.
D)discover sources of precious metals.
115
As explained in "A Passage to India," the effect of the Renaissance was to make Europe:
A)more outward-looking.
B)a continent of religious freedom and tolerance.
C)afraid of other cultures.
D)economically backward.
116
As discussed in "A Passage to India," as a feat of navigation and seamanship, da Gama's voyage quite outclassed that of Christopher Columbus.
A)True
B)False
117
As recounted in "After Dire Straits, an Agonizing Haul Across the Pacific," one of Magellan's ships, in 1523, was the first to:
A)cross the Atlantic.
B)cross the Pacific.
C)circumnavigate the Earth.
D)discover a route from Europe to the Spice Islands.





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