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1 | |
Which defense mechanism is not in the nonspecific category of immunity? (p. 448) |
| | A) | epithelial membranes that cover the body surfaces |
| | B) | strong acidity of gastric juice (pH = 1-2) |
| | C) | phagocytosis of unwanted substances |
| | D) | activity of lymphocyte populations |
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2 | |
Which cell type does not participate in phagocytosis? (p. 448) |
| | A) | neutrophils within the blood and tissues |
| | B) | B lymphocytes |
| | C) | macrophages within the connective tissues |
| | D) | Kupffer cells that are "fixed" within the liver |
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3 | |
The highly mobile cells that are the first to arrive at the site of an infection, are the (p. 449) |
| | A) | neutrophils |
| | B) | monocytes |
| | C) | macrophages |
| | D) | basophils |
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4 | |
Which organelle contains powerful digestive enzymes and participates directly in the process of phagocytosis? (p. 449) |
| | A) | nucleus |
| | B) | mitochondrion |
| | C) | endoplasmic reticulum |
| | D) | lysosome |
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5 | |
The thermoregulatory control center or "thermostat" that regulates the body's response to changes in temperature such as during a fever, is located in the (p. 450) |
| | A) | hypothalamus |
| | B) | pituitary |
| | C) | cerebral cortex |
| | D) | adrenal gland |
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6 | |
Which statement about haptens is false? (p. 451) |
| | A) | They are small organic molecules that are not antigenic by themselves. |
| | B) | Bonded to protein, haptens can become antigenic. |
| | C) | Bonded to protein, haptens are available for research or diagnostic purposes. |
| | D) | They release chemicals that are able to attract phagocytes (chemotaxis). |
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7 | |
The clumping of antigen-to-antibody particles during an immunoassay such as the modern pregnancy test, is known as (p. 451) |
| | A) | clustering |
| | B) | agglutination |
| | C) | chemotaxis |
| | D) | diapedesis |
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8 | |
Populations of lymphocytes known as B lymphocytes (p. 452) |
| | A) | secrete antibodies into blood and lymph fluids |
| | B) | are said to provide cell-mediated immunity |
| | C) | attack host cells infected with viruses, fungi, or cancerous cells |
| | D) | are originally derived from the thymus gland |
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9 | |
Which plasma protein does not form a distinct band in the globulin class during electrophoresis of blood? (p. 456) |
| | A) | fibrinogen |
| | B) | albumin |
| | C) | alpha-1 globulin |
| | D) | beta globulin |
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10 | |
Which is not a subclass of immunoglobulins? (p. 456) |
| | A) | IgA |
| | B) | IgB |
| | C) | IgD |
| | D) | IgE |
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11 | |
Which subclass of immunoglobulin molecules mediates allergic reactions? (p. 456) |
| | A) | IgA |
| | B) | IgB |
| | C) | IgD |
| | D) | IgE |
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12 | |
Which statement about complement proteins is false? (p. 458) |
| | A) | Complements are normally present in an inactive state in body fluids. |
| | B) | C1 complement proteins are involved in antibody recognition and activation of enzymes. |
| | C) | C4, C2, and C3 are responsible for the specific attack that actually kills the victim cell. |
| | D) | Complement proteins C1 through C5 function primarily as enzymes operating at the victim cell membrane. |
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13 | |
Which substance is released from tissue mast cells and plasma basophils to dilate blood vessels, to increase blood flow and to increase capillary permeability? (p. 458) |
| | A) | complements C5 through C9 |
| | B) | histamine |
| | C) | IgG |
| | D) | complements C2 through C4 |
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14 | |
Which event best represents the nonspecific mechanism of an inflammatory reaction following the entry of bacteria through a break in the skin? (p. 453) |
| | A) | the activation of B lymphocytes to produce specific antibodies |
| | B) | histamine vasodilation and increased capillary permeability |
| | C) | phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages; and the activation of complement proteins |
| | D) | chemotaxis and diapedesis of new phagocytes to the infected area |
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15 | |
Which symptom is not characteristic of local inflammation? (p. 453) |
| | A) | redness |
| | B) | shortness of breath |
| | C) | swelling (edema) |
| | D) | pus formation |
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16 | |
Which of the following descriptions is a characteristic part of the secondary response? (p. 466) |
| | A) | It represents the response to an initial exposure of that pathogen. |
| | B) | The latent period between the secondary exposure and the appearance of antibodies is about 5-10 days. |
| | C) | Antibody concentrations during this response reach a plateau in a few days and decline after a few weeks. |
| | D) | The production of antibody can reach a maximum in less than two hours and is maintained for a long time. |
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17 | |
The immunization procedures of Jenner and Pasteur support the clonal selection theory, which demonstrates and helps to explain (p. 466) |
| | A) | the primary immune response |
| | B) | the secondary immune response |
| | C) | the secretion of monoclonal antibodies |
| | D) | passive immunity |
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18 | |
A "clone" is a large population of (p. 466) |
| | A) | genetically identical cells |
| | B) | antibody or immunoglobulin molecules belonging to the same subtype |
| | C) | cancer cells growing within a tumor |
| | D) | specific antigen molecules found on the membrane surface of lymphocytes |
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19 | |
Which statement about passive immunity is false?(p. 468) |
| | A) | A mother may transfer some IgG antibodies passively through the placenta to the fetus. |
| | B) | A mother may transfer some IgA antibodies passively to the newborn in her first breast milk (the colostrum). |
| | C) | It can occur when either attenuated pathogens or similar vaccines are injected. |
| | D) | Passive immunity can occur when antiserum or antitoxin preparations are injected. |
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20 | |
Which statement about the preparation and properties of monoclonal antibodies is false? (p. 468) |
| | A) | These antibodies are raised when an antigen is injected into animals to activate B lymphocyte production, which are then isolated from the spleen. |
| | B) | The selected B lymphocytes are hybridized (fused) with multiple myeloma (cancer) cells so that they will survive and reproduce in large numbers. |
| | C) | Isolated lymphocyte-myeloma fusions (hybridomas) secrete large amounts of the desired antibodies. |
| | D) | Monoclonal antibodies are clinically very specific in their action, serving as vaccines against very virulent viruses and bacteria. |
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21 | |
The gland most responsible for maturation, storage, and formation of T lymphocytes, is the(p. 452) |
| | A) | thymus |
| | B) | thyroid |
| | C) | spleen |
| | D) | liver |
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22 | |
Which function is not characteristic of T lymphocytes? (p. 459) |
| | A) | attacking virus and fungal infections |
| | B) | stimulating the immediate formation of antibodies |
| | C) | carrying out rejection of transplants |
| | D) | patrolling the body as immunological surveillance or defense against cancer |
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23 | |
The subpopulation of T lymphocytes that is attacked by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in AIDS victims, is the (p. 460) |
| | A) | helper T cells |
| | B) | suppressor T cells |
| | C) | cytotoxic T cells |
| | D) | killer T cells |
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24 | |
The autocrine proteins secreted by T lymphocytes that are often referred to as the cytokines of lymphocytes, are known as (p. 460) |
| | A) | interleukins |
| | B) | interferons |
| | C) | lymphokines |
| | D) | antibodies |
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25 | |
The cell types that are most responsible for presenting foreign antigens together with surface antigens to specific receptors on the membrane of T lymphocytes are the and the dendritic cells. (p. 461) |
| | A) | B lymphocytes |
| | B) | macrophages |
| | C) | platelets |
| | D) | neutrophils |
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26 | |
The membrane surface molecules that are carefully matched between a donor and the recipient to avoid organ transplantation rejection, are called (p. 461) |
| | A) | histocompatibility antigens |
| | B) | lymphokines |
| | C) | interleukins |
| | D) | interferons |
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27 | |
Which of the following statements about the major histocompatibility complex of genes is false?(p. 461) |
| | A) | Class 1 molecules are made by all cells in the body except red blood cells; whereas class 2 molecules are made only by macrophages and B lymphocytes. |
| | B) | Each gene can code for the synthesis of only one protein molecule. |
| | C) | They can help reduce the risk of organ transplant rejection by matching the genes of the recipient to those of the potential donors. |
| | D) | They direct the synthesis of molecules that promote the immune interaction between macrophages and B lymphocytes. |
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28 | |
Antibody molecules that are made against self-antigens are known as (p. 472) |
| | A) | immunoglobulins |
| | B) | autoantibodies |
| | C) | gamma globulins |
| | D) | transplant antigens |
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29 | |
Dedifferentiation is a term that refers to the process by which tumor cells become (p. 469) |
| | A) | relatively unspecialized and similar to the less specialized cells of an embryo |
| | B) | more specialized and thus similar to the more complex cells of the adult |
| | C) | stimulated to divide erratically with less inhibitory control than that seen in normal cells |
| | D) | altered by mutations that interfere with the normal expression of MHC antigens |
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30 | |
Which of the following cytokines has not recently proved useful in the treatment of cancer or is not currently undergoing experimental investigation? (p. 471) |
| | A) | interleukin-2 (IL-2) |
| | B) | alpha-fetoprotein |
| | C) | gamma interferon |
| | D) | interleukin-12 (IL-12) |
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31 | |
Which statement about natural killer (NK) cells is false? (p. 470) |
| | A) | NK cells are not processed (matured) by the thymus gland. |
| | B) | NK cells can attack and destroy tumor cells |
| | C) | NK cells provide a first line of cell-mediated defense, destroying tumors in a nonspecific fashion. |
| | D) | NK cells must first be activated by macrophages that present foreign tumor antigens. |
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32 | |
Which statement about cancer is false? (p. 469) |
| | A) | Cancer can be caused by a virus. |
| | B) | The risk of cancer increases with age as lymphocytes age and thymus hormone production declines. |
| | C) | Cancer grows faster when corticosteroid hormone levels in the bloodstream are lowered by stressful conditions, thereby involving the adrenal cortex. |
| | D) | Cancer normally develops from tumor cells that escape the body's immunological surveillance system. |
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33 | |
The autoimmune disease characterized by the abnormal production of IgM type antibodies that attack IgG type antibodies, is called (p. 471) |
| | A) | Hashimoto's thyroiditis |
| | B) | sympathetic ophthalmia |
| | C) | thrombocytopenia |
| | D) | rheumatoid arthritis |
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34 | |
In Graves' autoimmune disease of the thyroid, (p. 472) |
| | A) | normally "hidden" antigens of the thyroid escape surveillance to stimulate the autoimmune response |
| | B) | self-antigens of the thyroid combine with circulating drugs to produce new antigens that stimulate the autoimmune response |
| | C) | thyroid cells produce class-2 MHC molecules that unexpectedly appear in tissues to stimulate autoantibody production |
| | D) | thyroid self-antigens cross-react with foreign antigens, causing inflammation and damage |
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35 | |
Which statement about systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is false? (p. 473) |
| | A) | SLE results from the abnormal combination of self-antigens and autoantibodies. |
| | B) | SLE victims produce antibodies against their own DNA and nuclear protein. |
| | C) | SLE is an autoimmune disease that results in the formation of immune complexes throughout the body. |
| | D) | SLE is characterized by unexpected immediate hypersensitivity reactions. |
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36 | |
Which of the following conditions belongs to that form of allergy known as delayed hypersensitivity? (p. 474) |
| | A) | allergic rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) |
| | B) | conjunctivitis (red eyes) |
| | C) | allergic asthma (difficulty breathing) |
| | D) | contact dermatitis (poison ivy) |
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37 | |
Which immunoglobulin is most responsible for the symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity?(p. 473) |
| | A) | IgG |
| | B) | IgE |
| | C) | IgM |
| | D) | IgD |
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38 | |
The chemical released during an immediate hypersensitivity response, such as hay fever, that is most responsible for the itching, sneezing, tearing, and runny nose, is (p. 473) |
| | A) | histamine |
| | B) | prostaglandins |
| | C) | leukotrienes |
| | D) | serotonin |
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39 | |
Which statement about delayed hypersensitivity is false? (p. 474) |
| | A) | It is a cell-mediated T cell response, rather than a B cell humoral response involving antibodies. |
| | B) | Its symptoms are caused primarily by the action of various secreted lymphokines. |
| | C) | Both the tine test and the Mantoux test for tuberculosis are examples. |
| | D) | Antihistamines are clinically effective as treatment in sufferers of delayed hypersensitivity. |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education