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1 | |
Which of the following activities is not regulated by the kidneys? (p. 526) |
| | A) | regulating the volume of blood plasma and thus blood pressure in the body |
| | B) | regulating the concentrations of certain electrolytes and waste products in the blood |
| | C) | regulating the absorption of substances from the gastrointestinal tract |
| | D) | regulating the acid-base balance (pH) of the blood plasma |
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2 | |
Examining the structure of the kidney reveals that the (p. 526) |
| | A) | medulla is in contact with the outer capsule |
| | B) | medulla is divided into eight to fifteen conical renal pyramids |
| | C) | cortex drains into the minor calyces |
| | D) | urethra transports urine to the urinary bladder |
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3 | |
Kidney stones are primarily composed of (p. 526) |
| | A) | cholesterol and esters of other steroid compounds |
| | B) | crystals and proteins that grow in the renal medulla |
| | C) | heavy metals that precipitate in the urinary filtrate |
| | D) | salts of weak acids that serve as buffers in the nephron |
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4 | |
Which statement about the process of micturition is false? (p. 528) |
| | A) | It is controlled by a reflex center located in the sacral levels of the spinal cord. |
| | B) | Stretch receptors in the bladder initiate this reflex when stretched by filling with urine. |
| | C) | Firing of the reflex centers, results in simultaneous contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the external urethral sphincter, pressuring urine into the urethra. |
| | D) | The urge to urinate is a reflex involving the stimulation of specific autonomic nerves |
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5 | |
The name of the blood vessel delivering blood directly to the glomerulus is the (p. 528) |
| | A) | renal artery |
| | B) | interlobar artery |
| | C) | arcuate artery |
| | D) | afferent arteriole |
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6 | |
That portion of the nephron consisting of a single layer of cuboidal cells with microvilli to increase the surface area for reabsorption is the (p. 528) |
| | A) | glomerular capsule |
| | B) | proximal convoluted tubule |
| | C) | loop of Henle |
| | D) | distal convoluted tubule |
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7 | |
The name of the blood vessels that are found in the medulla as part of the vasa recta are the (p. 529) |
| | A) | peritubular capillaries |
| | B) | afferent arterioles |
| | C) | arcuate arteries |
| | D) | efferent arterioles |
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8 | |
Which substance is easily filtered by the glomerulus and thus is normally found in the ultrafiltrate? (p. 531) |
| | A) | red and white blood cells |
| | B) | platelets |
| | C) | proteins |
| | D) | electrolytes |
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9 | |
The net filtration pressure at the glomerulus that results in the formation of ultrafiltrate is (p. 532) |
| | A) | about equal to arterial blood pressure at 100 mmHg |
| | B) | partially due to the very low colloid osmotic pressure of plasma |
| | C) | opposed by the high osmotic pressure of ultrafiltrate |
| | D) | estimated to be approximately 10 mmHg |
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10 | |
Which statement about the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is false? (p. 532) |
| | A) | The GFR averages approximately 180 L per day (about 45 gallons). |
| | B) | The GFR will increase during fight-or-flight situations due to the vasodilation of afferent arterioles. |
| | C) | A decrease in GFR results in a decrease in the total urine output. |
| | D) | Renal autoregulation maintains the GFR at a relatively constant rate despite fluctuations in the mean arterial blood pressure. |
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11 | |
The return of filtered molecules from the nephron tubules back into the blood is called (p. 534) |
| | A) | filtration |
| | B) | reabsorption |
| | C) | secretion |
| | D) | excretion |
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12 | |
Which event does not occur in the proximal tubule section of the kidney nephron? (p. 536) |
| | A) | Na+ is actively pumped out of the epithelial cells across the basal membranes. |
| | B) | From a higher concentration in the filtrate, Na+ diffuses passively toward a lower concentration in the epithelial cells. |
| | C) | Cl- follows Na+ passively from the filtrate and into the epithelial cells. |
| | D) | Reabsorption of dissolved solutes leaves the remaining filtrate entering the loop of Henle very dilute (hypotonic). |
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13 | |
Which of these statements about the proximal tubule is false? (p. 535) |
| | A) | Sixty-five percent of the original glomerular ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed here and returned to the blood. |
| | B) | Reabsorption in this portion of the nephron is not regulated by hormones. |
| | C) | Although ATP is consumed, the overall energy expenditure here is minimal. |
| | D) | The tubular fluid entering the loop of Henle remains isosmotic with blood at about 300 mOsm. |
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14 | |
Which event does not occur in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? (p. 536) |
| | A) | Na+, K+, and Cl- are all actively pumped from the filtrate into the ascending limb cells. |
| | B) | Na+ is actively pumped across the basolateral membranes of the epithelial cells to the interstitial tissue fluid. |
| | C) | By passive electrical attraction, Cl- follows the Na+ into the tissue fluid. |
| | D) | K+ passively diffuses back into the filtrate or out the basolateral membrane. |
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15 | |
Which event does not occur in the descending limb of the loop of Henle? (p. 536) |
| | A) | deeper regions of the medulla, closer to the pelvis, reach very high salt concentrations |
| | B) | water easily diffuses by osmosis out of the tubular filtrate and into the medulla |
| | C) | NaCl is removed from the filtrate both by active transport and by passive diffusion |
| | D) | at the tip of the loop, the tubular filtrate concentration is increased and its volume is decreased |
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16 | |
Which countercurrent multiplier system statement is false? (p. 536) |
| | A) | The descending limb of the loop of Henle is seemingly impermeable to salt diffusion but is permeable to water, forming a hypertonic filtrate. |
| | B) | Interaction between ascending and descending tubular flow in the loop of Henle where the more salt is extruded, the more concentrated the tissue fluid will be, is an example of negative feedback. |
| | C) | Salt becomes recirculated and trapped in the medullary tissue fluid, increasing in "saltiness" as it accumulates toward the lower tip of the pyramids. |
| | D) | Water is removed from the medulla by the higher colloid osmotic pressure of the blood in the vasa recta capillaries. |
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17 | |
When the concentration of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) rises in the blood (p. 539) |
| | A) | the walls of the collecting ducts become less permeable to dissolved solutes and water. |
| | B) | water channels, or aquaporins, appear in the cell membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells promoting the reabsorption of water from the filtrate. |
| | C) | the ultrafiltrate flowing through the collecting duct becomes more hypotonic. |
| | D) | a greater volume of dilute urine is excreted. |
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18 | |
Which statement about antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is false? (p. 541) |
| | A) | ADH is synthesized by neurons of the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. |
| | B) | ADH binds to receptors on the collecting duct cells and activates a cAMP second messenger system. |
| | C) | ADH is released during body dehydration conditions to place water channels, or aquaporins, that reabsorb water along the collecting duct . |
| | D) | ADH is released when osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a decrease in the blood osmolality (blood becomes more hypotonic). |
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19 | |
The disease diabetes insipidus (p. 541) |
| | A) | is associated with the inadequate secretion or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). |
| | B) | results from overeating and hypersecretion of hormones by the pancreas. |
| | C) | is characterized by an abnormal increase in glucose concentrations in the blood and urine. |
| | D) | can be cured by injections of the hormone, insulin. |
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20 | |
Which statement about inulin is false? (p. 542) |
| | A) | Inulin is a polymer of fructose, a simple sugar or monosaccharide found in some plants. |
| | B) | Inulin is easily filtered by the glomerulus of the nephron and is measurable in the urine. |
| | C) | Inulin is easily reabsorbed by the walls of the nephron and returned to the blood. |
| | D) | Inulin is not removed from capillary blood and secreted by walls of the nephron into the filtrate - thereby permitting an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). |
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21 | |
Which substance is filtered and then completely (100%) reabsorbed by the nephron? (p. 544) |
| | A) | protein |
| | B) | inulin |
| | C) | urea |
| | D) | glucose |
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22 | |
Which substance is both filtered and secreted by the nephron and is, therefore, used to measure the renal plasma flow and estimate the total renal blood flow. (p. 544) |
| | A) | para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) |
| | B) | inulin |
| | C) | urea |
| | D) | glucose |
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23 | |
Which substance is filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted by different regions of the nephron tubules? (p. 544) |
| | A) | potassium ion (K+) |
| | B) | inulin |
| | C) | urea |
| | D) | glucose |
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24 | |
Which statement about the movements of glucose and amino acids within the kidney nephron is false? (p. 545) |
| | A) | They are easily filtered by the glomeruli into the renal tubules of the nephrons. |
| | B) | They are normally not found in the urine. |
| | C) | They are reabsorbed into the nephron tubule cells by primary rather than secondary active transport mechanisms. |
| | D) | They are reabsorbed completely until their concentrations in the blood and in the filtrate exceed their transport maximum (Tm). |
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25 | |
The concentrations of which plasma electrolyte is not regulated mainly by the kidneys? (p. 546) |
| | A) | phosphate |
| | B) | potassium |
| | C) | iron |
| | D) | bicarbonate |
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26 | |
Which statement about aldosterone is false? (p. 546) |
| | A) | It is a major steroid (mineralocorticoid) hormone secreted by the kidney. |
| | B) | It promotes the reabsorption of Na+ in the late distal tubule and the cortical region of the collecting duct. |
| | C) | It stimulates the secretion of K+ from the peritubular blood into the distal tubule. |
| | D) | Without it, no K+ is ever excreted in the urine. |
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27 | |
Which statement about the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of the kidney is false? (p. 547) |
| | A) | It is a location in each nephron where the afferent arteriole and the distal convoluted tubule contact each other. |
| | B) | The role of the macula densa region of the distal tubule is to secrete the enzyme renin. |
| | C) | The granular cells within the afferent arteriole are sensitive to renal blood flow (perhaps acting as baroreceptors). |
| | D) | High Na+ concentrations in the filtrate can inhibit the secretion of renin. |
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28 | |
In a person with a high blood volume (hypervolemia), which negative feedback response (homeostasis) by the kidney would most likely not occur to restore normal blood volume?(p. 548) |
| | A) | a decrease in renin secretion |
| | B) | a decrease in aldosterone secretion |
| | C) | a decrease in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion |
| | D) | an increase in Na+ excretion in the urine |
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29 | |
Which statement about the role of the kidneys the regulation of normal blood pH is false? (p. 550) |
| | A) | The kidneys excrete bicarbonate ion and reabsorb hydrogen ion. |
| | B) | Hydrogen ion (H+) enters the filtrate in two ways: by glomerular filtration and by secretion into the nephron tubule. |
| | C) | Most of the hydrogen ion secretion occurs across the wall of the proximal tubule in exchange for the reabsorption of sodium ion. |
| | D) | Buffers like bicarbonate ion can bind and release free H+ and thus can stabilize pH. |
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30 | |
Which statement about the reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal tubule is false? (p. 551) |
| | A) | The apical membranes of the tubule cells are impermeable to bicarbonate ion. |
| | B) | Bicarbonate in the filtrate is converted to carbon dioxide and water by the action of carbonic anhydrase. |
| | C) | The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is located both in the apical cell membrane and in the tubule cell cytoplasm. |
| | D) | During alkalosis, more bicarbonate is reabsorbed and less bicarbonate is excreted to help stabilize the pH. |
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31 | |
The two organs most responsible for acid-base balance are the (p. 552) |
| | A) | heart and kidneys |
| | B) | liver and lungs |
| | C) | kidneys and lungs |
| | D) | lungs and heart |
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32 | |
Which statement about acid-base regulation in the kidneys is false? (p. 551) |
| | A) | The kidneys can filter and secrete H+ into the tubular filtrate. |
| | B) | The kidneys normally reabsorb all bicarbonate ions that are filtered at the glomerulus. |
| | C) | Normally some H+ is excreted each day in the urine, thereby raising the urine pH value above that of the blood, which is normally 7.4. |
| | D) | Filtered bicarbonate present in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood indirectly as CO2 gas. |
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33 | |
The most powerful diuretics, inhibiting salt and water reabsorption by as much as 25%, are the(p. 552) |
| | A) | carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
| | B) | loop diuretics |
| | C) | thiazides |
| | D) | potassium-sparing diuretics |
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34 | |
Diuretics that competitively block the aldosterone-induced stimulation of Na+ reabsorption and K+ ecretion in the distal tubule are the (p. 553) |
| | A) | carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
| | B) | loop diuretics |
| | C) | thiazides |
| | D) | potassium-sparing diuretics |
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35 | |
The major kidney function that cannot be performed by artificial dialysis membranes is to(p. 554) |
| | A) | separate molecules on the basis of size |
| | B) | prevent the diffusion of plasma proteins |
| | C) | reabsorb Na+, K+, glucose, and other molecules |
| | D) | allow the free movement of water (solvent) |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education