Unit One - Levels of Organization 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology/Characteristics of Life/Maintenance
of Life/Requirements of Organisms/Homeostasis/Levels of Organization/Organization
of the Human Body/Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes/Organ Systems/Anatomical
Terminology/Relative Position/Body Sections/Body Regions/Some Medical and Applied
Sciences Reference Plates The Human Organism 2 Chemical Basis of Life Structure of Matter/Elements and Atoms/Atomic Structure/Isotopes/Bonding of Atoms/Molecules and Compounds/Chemical Reactions/Acids,
Bases, and Salts/Acid and Base Concentrations/Chemical Constituents of Cells/Inorganic
Substances/Organic Substances 3 Cells A Composite Cell/Cell Membrane/Faulty Ion Channels
Cause Disease/Cytoplasm/Cell Nucleus/Movements Into and Out of the Cell/Diffusion/Facilitated
Diffusion/Osmosis/Filtration/Active Transport/Endocytosis/Exocytosis/Transcytosis/The
Cell Cycle/Interphase/Mitosis/Cytoplasmic Division/Cell Differentiation/Control
of Cell Reproduction/Health Consequences of Loss of Cell Reproduction Control 4 Cellular Metabolism Metabolic Processes/Anabolism/Catabolism/Control
of Metabolic Reactions/Enzyme Action/Cofactors and Coenzymes/Factors that Alter
Enzymes/Energy for Metabolic Reactions/Release of Chemical Energy/An Overview
of Cellular Respiration/Glycolysis/Aerobic Respiration/Glycolysis/Anaerobic
Respiration/Aerobic Respiration/Regulation of Metabolic Pathways/Nucleic Acids
and Protein Synthesis/Genetic Information/Genetic Code/RNA Molecules/Protein
Synthesis/DNA Replication/Changes in Genetic Information/Nature of Mutations/Effects
of Mutations 5 Tissues Epithelial Tissues/General Characteristics/Simple
Squamous Epithelium/Simple Cuboidal Epithelium/Simple Columnar Epithelium/Pseudostratified
Columnar Epithelium/Stratified Squamous Epithelium/Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium/Stratified
Columnar Epithelium/Transitional Epithelium/Glandular Epithelium/Connective
Tissues General Characteristics/Major Cell Types/Connective
Tissue Fibers/Loose Connective Tissue/Adipose Tissue/Reticular Connective Tissue/Dense Connective Tissue/Elastic Connective Tissue/Cartilage/Bone/Blood/Muscle Tissues/General
Characteristics/Skeletal Muscle Tissue/Smooth Muscle Tissue/Cardiac Muscle Tissue/Nervous Tissues Unit Two - Support and Movement 6 Skin and the Integumentary System Types of Membranes/Skin and Its Tissues/Epidermis/Dermis/Subcutaneous
Layer/Accessory Organs of the Skin/Hair Follicles/Nails/Skin Glands/Regulation
of Body Temperature/Skin Color/Genetic Factors/Environmental Factors/Physiological Factors/Healing of Wounds and Burns/Cuts/Burns/Common Skin Disorders 7 Skeletal System Bone Structure/Bone Classification/Parts of a Long Bone/Microscopic Structure/Bone Development and Growth/Intramembranous Bones/Endochondral
Bones/Growth of an Endochondral Bone/Homeostasis of Bone Tissue/Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth, and Repair/Bone Function Support and Protection/Body
Movement/Blood Cell Formation/Blood Cell Formation/Inorganic Salt Storage/Skeletal Organization/Number of Bones/Divisions of the Skeleton/Skull/Cranium/Facial Skeleton/Infantile Skull/Vertebral Column/A Typical Vertebra/Cervical Vertebrae/Thoracic Vertebrae/Lumbar Vertebrae/Sacrum/Coccyx/Thoracic Cage/Ribs/Sternum/Pectoral
Girdle/Clavicles/Scapulae/Upper Limb/Humerus/Radius/Ulna/Hand/Pelvic Girdle/Coxal
Bones/Greater and Lesser Pelves/Differences Between Male and Female Pelves/Lower
Limb/Femur/Patella/Tibia/Fibula/Foot Reference Plates Human Skull 8 Joints of the Skeletal System Classification of Joints/Fibrous Joints/Cartilaginous
Joints/Synovial Joints/General Structure of a Synovial Joint/Types of Synovial
Joints/Types of Joint Movements/Examples of Synovial Joints/Shoulder Joint/Elbow
Joint/Hip Joint/Knee Joint 9 Muscular System Structure of a Skeletal Muscle/Connective Tissue
Coverings/Skeletal Muscle Fibers/Sliding Filament Theory/Neuromuscular Junction/Motor
Units/Skeletal Muscle Contraction/Role of Myosin and Actin/Stimulus for Contraction/Energy
Sources for Contraction/Oxygen Supply and Cellular Respiration/Oxygen Debt/Muscle
Fatigue/Fast and Slow Muscles/Heat Production/Muscular Responses/Threshold Stimulus/All-or-None
Response/Recording a Muscle Contraction/Staircase Effect/Summation/Recruitment
of Motor Units/Sustained Contractions/Isotonic and Isometric Contractions/Smooth
Muscle Fibers/Smooth Muscle Contraction/Cardiac Muscle/Skeletal Muscle Actions/Origin
and Insertion/Interaction of Skeletal Muscles/Major Skeletal Muscles/Muscles
of Facial Expression/Muscles of Mastication/Muscles that Move the Head and Vertebral
Column/Muscles that Move the Pectoral Girdle/Muscles that Move the Upper Arm/Muscles
that Move the Forearm/Muscles that Move the Hand/Muscles of the Abdominal Wall/Muscles
of the Pelvic Outlet/Muscles that Move the Thigh/Muscles that Move the Leg/Muscles
that Move the Foot/Clinical Terms Related to the Muscular System Reference Plates Surface Anatomy Unit Three - Integration and Coordination 10 Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function General Functions of the Nervous System/Classification of Neurons/Classification of Neuroglia/Regeneration of Nerve Fibers/Cell Membrane
Potential/Distribution of Ions/Resting Potential/Local Potential Changes/Action Potentials/Refractory Period/All-or-None Response/Impulse Conduction/The Synapse/Synaptic Potentials/Neurotransmitters/Neuropeptides/Facilitation/Convergence/Divergence 11 Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous
System Meninges/Spinal Cord/Structure of the Spinal Cord/Functions
of the Spinal Cord/Reflex Arcs/Brain/Brain Development/Structure of the Cerebrum/Functions
of the Cerebrum/Basal Ganglia Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid/Diencephalon/Brain
Stem/Cerebellum/Peripheral Nervous System/Structure of Peripheral Nerves/Nerve
Fiber Classification/Cranial Nerves/Spinal Nerves/Autonomic Nervous System/General
Characteristics/Autonomic Nerve Fibers/Autonomic Neurotransmitters/Actions of
Autonomic Neurotransmitters/Control of Autonomic Activity 12 Somatic and Special Senses Receptors and Sensations/Receptor Types/Sensory
Impulses/Sensations/Sensory Adaptation/Somatic Senses/Touch and Pressure Senses/Temperature
Senses/Sense of Pain/Stretch Receptors/Special Senses/Sense of Smell/Olfactory
Receptors/Olfactory Organs/Olfactory Nerve Pathways/Olfactory Stimulation/Sense
of Taste/Taste Receptors/Taste Sensations/Taste Nerve Pathways/Sense of Hearing/External
Ear/Middle Ear/Auditory Tube/Inner Ear/Auditory Nerve Pathways/Sense of Equilibrium/Static
Equilibrium/Dynamic Equilibrium/Sense of Sight/Visual Accessory Organs/Structure
of the Eye/Light Refraction/Visual Receptors/Visual Pigments/Stereoscopic Vision/Visual
Nerve Pathways 13 Endocrine System General Characteristics of the Endocrine System/Hormone
Action/Chemistry of Hormones/Actions of Hormones/Prostaglandins/Control of Hormonal
Secretions/Negative Feedback Systems/Pituitary Gland/Anterior Pituitary Hormones/Posterior
Pituitary Hormones/Thyroid Gland/Structure of the Gland/Thyroid Hormones/Parathyroid
Glands/Structure of the Glands/Parathyroid Hormone/Adrenal Glands/Structure
of the Glands/Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla/Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex/Pancreas
Structure of the Gland/Hormones of the Islets of Langerhans/Other Endocrine
Glands/Pineal Gland/Thymus Gland/Reproductive Glands/Digestive Glands/Other
Hormone-Producing Organs/Stress and Its Effects/Types of Stress/Responses to
Stress Unit Four - Transport 14 Blood Blood and Blood Cells/Blood Volume and Composition
/The Origin of Blood Cells/Characteristics of Red Blood Cells/Red Blood Cell
Counts/Destruction of Red Blood Cells/Red Blood Cell Production and Its Control/Dietary
Factors Affecting Red Blood Cell Production/Types of White Blood Cells/Functions
of White Blood Cells/White Blood Cell Counts/Blood Platelets/Blood Plasma/Plasma
Proteins/Nutrients and Gases/Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances/Plasma/Electrolytes/Hemostasis/Blood
Vessel Spasm/Platelet Plug/Formation Blood/Coagulation/Prevention of Coagulation/Blood
Groups and Transfusions/Antigens and Antibodies/ABO Blood Group/Rh Blood Group
15 Cardiovascular System Structure of the Heart/Size and Location of the
Heart/Coverings of the Heart/Wall of the Heart/Heart Chambers and Valves/Skeleton
of the Heart/Path of Blood through the Heart/Blood Supply to the Heart/Heart
Actions/Cardiac Cycle/Heart Sounds/Cardiac Muscle Fibers/Cardiac Conduction
System/Electrocardiogram/Regulation of the Cardiac Cycle/Blood Vessels/Arteries
and Arterioles/Capillaries/Exchanges in the Capillaries/Venules and Veins/Blood
Pressure/Arterial Blood Pressure/Factors that Influence Arterial Blood Pressure/Control
of Blood Pressure/Venous Blood Flow/Central Venous Pressure/Paths of Circulation/Pulmonary
Circuit/Systemic Circuit/Arterial System/Principal Branches of the Aorta/Arteries
to the Neck, Head, and Brain/Arteries to the Shoulder and Upper Limb/Arteries
to the Thoracic and Abdominal Walls/Arteries to the Pelvis and Lower Limb/Venous
System/Characteristics of Venous Pathways/Veins from the Head, Neck, and Brain/Veins
from the Upper Limb and Shoulder/Veins from the Abdominal and Thoracic Walls/Veins
from the Abdominal Viscera/Veins from the Lower Limb and Pelvis 16 Lymphatic System and Immunity Lymphatic Pathways/Lymphatic Capillaries/Lymphatic
Vessels/Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts/Tissue Fluid and Lymph Tissue
Fluid Formation/Lymph Formation/Lymph Function/Lymph Movement/Lymph Flow/Obstruction
of Lymph Movement/Lymph Nodes/Structure of a Lymph Node/Locations of Lymph Nodes/Functions
of Lymph Nodes/Thymus and Spleen/Body Defenses Against Infection/Nonspecific
Defenses/Species Resistance/Mechanical Barriers/Chemical Barriers/Fever/Inflammation/Phagocytosis/Specific
Defenses (Immunity)/Antigens/Lymphocyte Origins/B Cells and Antibody-Mediated
Immunity/T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity/Immune Responses/Types of Immunity/Allergic
Reactions/Transplantation and Tissue Rejection/Autoimmunity Unit Five - Absorption and Excretion 17 Digestive System General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal/Structure
of the Wall/Movements of the Tube/Innervation of the Tube/Mouth/Cheeks and Lips/Tongue/Palate/Teeth/Salivary
Glands/Salivary Secretions/Major Salivary Glands/Pharynx and Esophagus/Structure
of the Pharynx/Swallowing Mechanism/Esophagus/Stomach/Parts of the Stomach/Gastric
Secretions/Regulation of Gastric Secretions/Gastric Absorption/Mixing and Emptying
Actions/Pancreas/Structure of the Pancreas/Pancreatic Juice/Regulation of Pancreatic
Secretion/Liver/Liver Function/Composition of Bile/Gallbladder/Regulation of
Bile Release/Functions of Bile Salts/Small Intestine/Parts of the Small Intestine/Structure
of the Small Intestinal Wall/Secretions of the Small Intestine/Regulation of
Small Intestinal Secretions/Absorption in the Small Intestine/Movements of the
Small Intestine/Large Intestine/Parts of the Large Intestine/Structure of the
Large Intestinal Wall/Functions of the Large Intestine/Movements of the Large
Intestine/Feces 18 Nutrition and Metabolism Why We Eat/Carbohydrates/Carbohydrate Sources/Carbohydrate
Utilization/Carbohydrate Requirements/Lipids/Lipid Sources/Lipid Utilization/Lipid
Requirements/Proteins/Protein Sources/Nitrogen Balance/Protein Requirements/Energy
Expenditures/Energy Values of Foods/Energy Requirements/Energy Balance/Desirable
Weight/Vitamins/Fat-Soluble Vitamins/Water-Soluble Vitamins/Minerals/Characteristics
of Minerals/Major Minerals/Trace Elements/Healthy Eating/The Food Pyramid and
Reading Labels/Malnutrition/Starvation 19 Respiratory System Why We Breathe/Organs of the Respiratory System/Nose/Nasal Cavity/Sinuses/Pharynx/Larynx/Trachea/Bronchial Tree/Lungs/Breathing/Mechanism/Inspiration/Expiration/Respiratory
Air Volumes and Capacities/Alveolar Ventilation/Nonrespiratory Air Movements/Control
of Breathing/Respiratory Center/Factors Affecting Breathing/Alveolar Gas Exchanges/Alveoli/Respiratory
Membrane/Diffusion through the Respiratory Membrane/Gas Transport/Oxygen Transport/Carbon
Monoxide/Carbon Dioxide Transport 20 Urinary System Kidneys/Location of the Kidneys/Kidney Structure/Functions
of the Kidneys/Renal Blood Vessels/Nephrons/Urine Formation/Glomerular Filtration/Filtration
Pressure/Filtration Rate/Regulation of Filtration Rate/Tubular Reabsorption/Regulation
of Urine/Concentration and Volume/Urea and Uric Acid/Excretion/Tubular Secretion/Urine
Composition/Elimination of Urine/Ureters/Urinary Bladder/Micturition/Urethra
21 Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Distribution of Body Fluids/Fluid Compartments/Body
Fluid Composition/Movement of Fluid between Compartments/Water Balance/Water
Intake/Regulation of Water Intake/Water Output /Regulation of Water Output/Electrolyte
Balance/Electrolyte Intake/Regulation of Electrolyte Intake/Electrolyte Output/Regulation
of Electrolyte Output/Acid-Base Balance/Sources of Hydrogen Ions/Strengths of
Acids and Bases/Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration Unit Six - The Human Life Cycle 22 Reproductive System Organs of the Male Reproductive System/Testes/Descent
of the Testes/Structure of the Testes/Formation of Sperm Cells/Structure of
a Sperm Cell/Male Internal Accessory Organs/Epididymis/Vas Deferens/Seminal
Vesicle/Prostate Gland/Bulbourethral Glands/Semen Male External Reproductive
Organs/Scrotum/Penis/Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation/Hormonal Control of Male
Reproductive Functions/Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones/Male Sex Hormones/Actions
of Testosterone/Regulation of Male Sex Hormones/Organs of the Female Reproductive
System/Ovaries/Ovary Attachments/Ovary Descent/Ovary Structure/Primordial Follicles/Oogenesis/Follicle
Maturation/Ovulation/Female Internal Accessory Organs/Uterine Tubes/Uterus/Vagina/Female
External Reproductive Organs/Labia Majora/Labia Minora/Clitoris/Vestibule/Erection,
Lubrication, and Orgasm/Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions/Female
Sex Hormones/Female Reproductive Cycle/Menopause/Pregnancy/Transport of Sex
Cells/Fertilization/Early Embryonic Development/Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy/Other
Changes During Pregnancy/Birth/Mammary Glands/Location of the Glands/Structure
of the Glands/Development of the Breasts/Milk Production and Secretion/Birth
Control/Coitus Interruptus/Rhythm Method/Mechanical Barriers/Chemical Barriers/Oral
Contraceptives/Injectable Contraception/Contraceptive Implants/Intrauterine
Devices/Surgical Methods/Sexually Transmitted Diseases 23 Human Growth and Development Prenatal Period/Period of Cleavage/Embryonic Stage/Fetal
Stage/Fetal Blood and Circulation/Postnatal Period/Neonatal Period/Infancy/Childhood/Adolescence/Adulthood/Senescence/Aging/Passive
Aging/Active Aging/The Human Life Span 24 Genetics and Genomics The Emerging Role of Genetics in Medicine/Modes
of Inheritance/Chromosomes and Genes Come in Pairs/Dominant and Recessive Inheritance/Different
Dominance Relationships/Gene Expression/Penetrance and Expressivity/Pleiotropy/Genetic
Heterogeneity/Complex Traits/Matters of Sex/Sex Determination/Sex Chromosomes
and their Genes/Gender Effects on Phenotype/Chromosome Disorders/Polyploidy/Aneuploidy/Prenatal
Tests/Gene Therapy/Two Approaches to Gene Therapy/Tools and Targets of Gene
Therapy Reference Plates Human Cadavers Appendix A: Periodic Table of Elements Appendix B: Units of Measurement and Their Equivalents
Appendix C: Laboratory Tests of Clinical Importance
Appendix D: A Closer Look at Cellular Respiration/Nucleic Acids
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education