Table of Contents

Objectives

Learning Online

Why Study Environmental Science?

How Can I Get an A in This Class?

Develop Good Study Habits

Recognize and Hone Your Learning Styles

Use This Textbook Effectively

Will This Be on the Test?

Thinking about Thinking

Approaches to Truth and Knowledge

What Do I Need to Think Critically?

Applying Critical Thinking

Some Clues for Unpacking an Argument

Avoiding Logical Errors and Fallacies

Using Critical Thinking in Environmental Science

Concept Maps

What Do You Think? Don't Believe Everything You See on the Internet

How Do I Create a Concept Map?

Objectives

Learning Online

Deformed Frogs

What Is Environmental Science?

A Brief History of Conservation and Environmentalism

Historic Roots of Nature Protection

Pragmatic Resource Conservation

Moral and Aesthetic Nature Preservation

Modern Environmentalism

Global Concerns

Current Conditions

A Marvelous Planet

Environmental Dilemmas

What Do You Think? Cultural Whaling in the Pacific Northwest

Signs of Hope

North/South: A Divided World

Rich and Poor Countries

A Fair Share of Resources?

North/South Division

Political Economies

Human Development

Developmental Discrepancies

Good News and Bad News

Sustainable Development

Can Development Be Truly Sustainable?

The 20:20 Compact for Human Development

Indigenous People

IN DEPTH: Getting to Know Our Neighbors

Environmental Perspectives

Pessimism and Outrage

Hopeful Optimism

Pragmatic Realism

Objectives

Learning Online

Playing God in the Laboratory

Environmental Ethics and Philosophy

Are There Universal Ethical Principles?

Modernism and Postmodernism

Values, Rights, and Obligations

Worldviews and Ethical Perspectives

Humanism and Anthropocentrism

Stewardship

Biocentrism, Animal Rights, and Ecocentrism

Ecofeminism

What Do You Think? Worldviews and Values

Environmental Justice

Environmental Racism

Dumping Across Borders

Are "Green" Organizations Too White?

Science as a Way of Knowing

The Scientific Worldview

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Hypotheses and Scientific Theories

Using the Scientific Method

Descriptive and Interpretive Science

Paradigms and Scientific Consensus

Technology and Progress

Appropriate Technology

Profile: Environmental Engineer

Objectives

Learning Online

The Mystery of Lake Laberge

From Atoms to Cells

Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds

Organic Compounds

Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life

Energy and Matter

Energy Types and Qualities

IN DEPTH: A "Water Planet"

Conservation of Matter

Thermodynamics and Energy Transfers

Energy for Life

Solar Energy: Warmth and Light

How Does Photosynthesis Capture Energy?

From Species to Ecosystems

Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems

What Do You Think? Chaos or Stability in Ecosystems?

Food Chains, Food Webs, and Trophic Levels

Ecological Pyramids

Material Cycles and Life Processes

The Carbon Cycle

The Nitrogen Cycle

The Phosphorus Cycle

The Sulfur Cycle

Objectives

Learning Online

Orcas, Otters, Urchins, and Kelp: Disrupting a Marine Food Web

Who Lives Where, and Why?

Critical Factors and Tolerance Limits

Natural Selection, Adaptation, and Evolution

The Ecological Niche

Species Interactions and Population Dynamics

Predation

Keystone Species

Competition

CASE STUDY: Where Have All the Songbirds Gone?

Symbiosis

What Do You Think? Understanding Competition

Defensive Mechanisms

Community Properties

Productivity

Abundance and Diversity

Complexity and Connectedness

Resilience and Stability

Edges and Boundaries

What Can You Do? Developing a Sense for Where You Live

Communities in Transition

Ecological Succession

Introduced Species and Community Change

Profile: Environmental Activist

Objectives

Learning Online

Integrity, Stability, and Beauty of the Land

Terrestrial Biomes

Deserts

Grasslands: Prairies and Savannas

Tundra

Conifer Forests

Broad-Leaved Deciduous and Evergreen Forests

Mediterranean/Chaparral/Thorn Scrub

Tropical Moist Forests

Tropical Seasonal Forests

Aquatic Ecosystems

Freshwater and Saline Ecosystems

Estuaries and Wetlands: Transitional Communities

Shorelines and Barrier Islands

Human Disturbance

Landscape Ecology

Patchiness and Heterogeneity

Landscape Dynamics

Restoration Ecology

Defining Some Terms

Conflicting Views of Restoration

Tools of Restoration

CASE STUDY: Restoration of the Bermuda Cahow

Letting Nature Heal Itself

Authenticity

Back to What?

Creating Artificial Ecosystems

Ecosystem Management

A Brief History of Ecosystem Management

Principles and Goals of Ecosystem Management

Critiques of Ecosystem Management

Objectives

Learning Online

Urban Geese

Dynamics of Population Growth

Exponential Growth and Doubling Times

Biotic Potential

Population Oscillations and Irruptive Growth

Growth to a Stable Population

Chaotic and Catastrophic Population Dynamics

Strategies of Population Growth

What Do You Think? What Is Earth's Carrying Capacity for Humans?

Factors That Increase or Decrease Populations

Natality, Fecundity, and Fertility

Immigration

Mortality and Survivorship

Age Structure

Emigration

Factors That Regulate Population Growth

Density-Independent Factors

Density-Dependent Factors

Objectives

Learning Online

The Saga of Easter Island

Population Growth

Human Population History

Limits to Growth: Some Opposing Views

Malthusian Checks on Population

What Do You Think? Looking for Bias in Graphs

Malthus and Marx Today

Can Technology Make the World More Habitable?

Can More People Be Beneficial?

Human Demography

How Many of Us Are There?

Fertility and Birth Rates

Mortality and Death Rates

Population Growth Rates

Life Span and Life Expectancy

CASE STUDY: Family Planning in Iran

Living Longer: Demographic Implications

Emigration and Immigration

Population Growth: Opposing Factors

Pronatalist Pressures

Birth Reduction Pressures

Birth Dearth?

Demographic Transition

Development and Population

An Optimistic View

A Pessimistic View

A Social Justice View

An Ecojustice View

Infant Mortality and Women's Rights

Family Planning and Fertility Control

Traditional Fertility Control

Current Birth Control Methods

New Developments in Birth Control

The Future of Human Populations

Objectives

Learning Online

Creating Another Earth

Economic Worldviews

Classical Economics

Neoclassical Economics

Ecological Economics

Resources, Capital, and Reserves

Resource Types

Economic Resource Categories

Communal Property Resources

Population, Technology, and Scarcity

Market Efficiencies and Technological Development

Increasing Environmental Carrying Capacity

Economic Models

Why Not Conserve Resources?

Natural Resource Accounting

Gross National Product

Alternatives to GNP or GDP

Measuring Nonmarket Values

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Market-Based Mechanisms for Environmental Protection

Intergenerational Justice and Discount Rates

Internal and External Costs

Trade, Development, and Jobs

International Trade

International Development

Green Business

Design for the Environment

CASE STUDY: Eco-Efficient Carpeting from Interface, Inc.

Green Consumerism

Jobs and the Environment

What Can You Do? Personally Responsible Consumerism

Profile: Environmental Manager

Objectives

Learning Online

Outbreak

Types of Environmental Health Hazards

Infectious Organisms

Morbidity and Quality of Life

Emergent Diseases and Environmental Change

CASE STUDY: Fighting the Fiery Serpent

Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance

Toxic Chemicals

What Can You Do? Tips for Staying Healthy

Natural and Synthetic Toxins

Diet

Movement, Distribution, and Fate of Toxins

Solubility

Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

Persistence

Chemical Interactions

What Do You Think? Soft Vinyl Toys and Medical Supplies

Mechanisms for Minimizing Toxic Effects

Metabolic Degradation and Excretion

Repair Mechanisms

Measuring Toxicity

Animal Testing

Toxicity Ratings

Acute versus Chronic Doses and Effects

Detection Limits

Risk Assessment and Acceptance

Assessing Risks

Accepting Risks

Establishing Public Policy

Objectives

Learning Online

A Civil Action

Environmental Policy

Political Decision Making

The Policy Cycle

Environmental Law

A Brief Environmental History

Statutory Law: The Legislative Branch

Case Law: The Judicial Branch

Administrative Law: The Executive Branch

International Treaties and Conventions

Dispute Resolution and Planning

Wicked Problems and Adaptive Management

Resilience in Ecosystem and Institutions

The Precautionary Principle

Arbitration and Mediation

Collaborative Approaches to Community-Based Planning

What Do You Think? The Quincy Library Group

Green Plans

Profile: Environmental Consultant

Objectives

Learning Online

Are Shrimp Safe to Eat?

Nutrition and Food Supplies

Chronic Hunger and Food Security

Other Essential Nutrients

Eating a Balanced Diet

Famines

Major Food Sources

Major Crops

Meat, Milk, and Seafood

Soil: A Renewable Resource

Soil Composition

Soil Organisms

Soil Profiles

Soil Types

Ways We Use and Abuse Soil

Land Resources

Land Degradation

Erosion: The Nature of the Problem

Mechanisms of Erosion

Erosion Hotspots

Other Agricultural Resources

Water

Fertilizer

Energy

New Crops and Genetic Engineering

Green Revolution

Genetic Engineering

Pest Resistance

Weed Control

Public Opposition

What Do You Think? Terminator Genes

Sustainable Agriculture

Soil Conservation

Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture

CASE STUDY: Organic Farming in Cuba

Objectives

Learning Online

DDT and Fragile Eggshells

What Are Pests and Pesticides?

A Brief History of Pest Control

Early Pest Controls

Synthetic Chemical Pesticides

Pesticide Uses and Types

Pesticide Use in the United States and Canada

Pesticide Types

Pesticide Benefits

Disease Control

Crop Protection

Pesticide Problems

Effects on Nontarget Species

Pesticide Resistance and Pest Resurgence

What Do You Think? Environmental Estrogens

Creation of New Pests

Persistence and Mobility in the Environment

Human Health Problems

Alternatives to Current Pesticide Uses

Behavioral Changes

Biological Controls

CASE STUDY: Regenerative Agriculture in Iowa

Integrated Pest Management

Reducing Pesticide Exposure

Regulating Pesticides

A Personal Plan

What Can You Do? Food Safety Tips

Objectives

Learning Online

Columbia River Salmon

Biodiversity and the Species Concept

What Is Biodiversity?

What Are Species?

How Many Species Are There?

How Do We Benefit from Biodiversity?

Food

Drugs and Medicines

Ecological Benefits

Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits

What Threatens Biodiversity?

Natural Causes of Extinction

Human-Caused Reductions in Biodiversity

What Can You Do? Don't Eat Endangered Seafood

Predator and Pest Control

Endangered Species Management and Biodiversity Protection

Hunting and Fishing Laws

The Endangered Species Act

Recovery Plans

Private Land and Critical Habitat

Reauthorizing the Endangered Species Act

Minimum Viable Populations

Habitat Protection

International Wildlife Treaties

What Do You Think? Economic Impacts of the Endangered Species Act

Captive Breeding and Species Survival Plans

Saving Rare Species in the Wild

Profile: Conservation Fund Raiser

Objectives

Learning Online

Disappearing Butterfly Forests

World Land Uses

World Forests

Forest Distribution

Forest Products

Forest Management

CASE STUDY: Forestry for the Seventh Generation

Tropical Forests

Diminishing Forests

Swidden Agriculture

Logging and Land Invasions

Forest Protection

Debt-for-Nature Swaps

Temperate Forests

Ancient Forests of the Pacific Northwest

Wilderness and Wildlife Protection

Harvest Methods

What Do You Think? Regulations and Property Rights

Below-Cost and Salvage Sales

Fire Management

Sustainable Forestry and Non-Timber Forest Products

Rangelands

What Can You Do? Lowering Our Forest Impacts

Range Management

Overgrazing and Land Degradation

Forage Conversion by Domestic Animals

Harvesting Wild Animals

Rangelands in the United States

Landownership and Land Reform

Who Owns How Much?

Land Reform

Indigenous Lands

Objectives

Learning Online

Ecotourism on the Roof of the World

Parks and Nature Preserves

Park Origins and History

North American Parks

World Parks and Preserves

What Do You Think? Yellowstone Wolves

Wilderness Areas

CASE STUDY: Zimbabwe's "Campfire" Program

Wildlife Refuges

Refuge Management

International Wildlife Preserves

Wetlands, Floodplains, and Coastal Regions

Wetland Values

Wetland Destruction

Floods and Flood Control

Wetland and Floodplain Conservation

Beaches, Barrier Islands, and Estuaries

Objectives 349

Learning Online

Earthquake in India

A Dynamic Planet

A Layered Sphere

Tectonic Processes and Shifting Continents

Rocks and Minerals

Rock Types and How They Are Formed

Economic Geology and Mineralogy

Metals

Nonmetal Mineral Resources

What Do You Think? Should We Revise Mining Laws?

Strategic Metals and Minerals

Environmental Effects of Resource Extraction

Mining

CASE STUDY: Mining a Tropical Paradise

Processing

Conserving Geologic Resources

Recycling

Steel and Iron Recycling: Minimills

Substituting New Materials for Old

Geologic Hazards

Earthquakes

Volcanoes

Landslides

Profile: Environmental Affairs Coordinator

Objectives 369

Learning Online

What's Happening to Our Climate?

Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere

Past and Present Composition

A Layered Envelope

The Great Weather Engine

Solar Radiation Heats the Atmosphere

Convection Currents and Latent Heat

Weather

Energy Balance in the Atmosphere

Convection Cells and Prevailing Winds

Jet Streams

Frontal Weather

Cyclonic Storms

Seasonal Winds

Weather Modification

Climate

Climatic Catastrophes

Driving Forces and Patterns in Climatic Changes

El Niño/Southern Oscillations

Human-Caused Global Climate Change

Effects of Climate Change

Winners and Losers

Climate Skeptics

International Climate Negotiations

What Can You Do? Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Controlling Greenhouse Emissions

Profile: Interpretive Naturalist

Objectives

Learning Online

A Plague of Smoke

The Air Around Us

Natural Sources of Air Pollution

Human-Caused Air Pollution

Primary and Secondary Pollutants

Conventional or "Criteria" Pollutants

Unconventional Pollutants

Indoor Air Pollution

IN DEPTH: Indoor Air

Climate, Topography, and Atmospheric Processes

Inversions

Dust Domes and Heat Islands

Long-Range Transport

Stratospheric Ozone

Effects of Air Pollution

Human Health

Plant Pathology

Acid Deposition

Air Pollution Control

Moving Pollution to Remote Areas

Particulate Removal

Sulfur Removal

Nitrogen Oxide Control

Hydrocarbon Controls

What Can You Do? Saving Energy and Reducing Pollution

Clean Air Legislation

Current Conditions and Future Prospects

Profile: Environmental Advocate

Chapter 19: WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT

Objectives

Learning Online

Where Has the River Gone?

Water Resources

The Hydrologic Cycle

Rainfall and Topography

Desert Belts

Balancing the Water Budget

Major Water Compartments

Oceans

Glaciers, Ice, and Snow

Groundwater

Rivers and Streams

Lakes and Ponds

Wetlands

The Atmosphere

Water Availability and Use

Water-Rich and Water-Poor Countries

Drought Cycles

Types of Water Use

Quantities of Water Used

Use by Sector

Freshwater Shortages

A Precious Resource

Depleting Groundwater

Increasing Water Supplies

Seeding Clouds and Towing Icebergs

Desalination

Dams, Reservoirs, Canals, and Aqueducts

CASE STUDY: Rural Water Programs in Malawi

Environmental Costs

What Do You Think? Should We Remove Dams?

Water Management and Conservation

Watershed Management

Domestic Conservation

Recycling and Water Conservation

Price Mechanisms and Water Policy

What Can You Do? Saving Water and Preventing Pollution

Profile: Fisheries Biologist

Objectives

Learning Online

A Flood of Pigs

What Is Water Pollution?

Types and Effects of Water Pollution

Infectious Agents

Oxygen-Demanding Wastes

Plant Nutrients and Cultural Eutrophication

Toxic Tides

Inorganic Pollutants

Organic Chemicals

Sediment

Thermal Pollution and Thermal Shocks

IN DEPTH: Arsenic in Drinking Water

Water Quality Today

Surface Waters in the United States and Canada

Surface Waters in Other Countries

Groundwater and Drinking Water Supplies

Ocean Pollution

Water Pollution Control

Source Reduction

Nonpoint Sources and Land Management

CASE STUDY: Watershed Protection in the Catskills

Human Waste Disposal

Water Remediation

Water Legislation

The Clean Water Act

Clean Water Act Reauthorization

Other Important Water Legislation

Objectives 475

Learning Online

Oil and Wildlife in the Arctic

What Is Energy and Where Do We Get It?

A Brief Energy History

Current Energy Sources

Per Capita Consumption

How Energy Is Used

Coal

Coal Resources and Reserves

Mining

Air Pollution

Oil

Oil Resources and Reserves

Oil Imports and Domestic Supplies

CASE STUDY: Black Gold from the Caspian

Oil Shales and Tar Sands

Natural Gas

Natural Gas Resources and Reserves

Unconventional Gas Sources

Nuclear Power

How Do Nuclear Reactors Work?

Kinds of Reactors in Use

What Do You Think? Chernobyl: Could It Happen Here?

Alternative Reactor Designs

Breeder Reactors

Radioactive Waste Management

Ocean Dumping of Radioactive Wastes

Land Disposal of Nuclear Waste

Decommissioning Old Nuclear Plants

Changing Fortunes of Nuclear Power

Nuclear Fusion

U.S. Energy Policy

Objectives

Learning Online

Buffalo Ridge

Conservation

Utilization Efficiencies

Energy Conversion Efficiencies

What Do You Think? Hybrid Automobile Engines

Negawatt Programs

IN DEPTH: Personal Energy Efficiency

Cogeneration

Tapping Solar Energy

A Vast Resource

Passive Solar Heat

Active Solar Heat

What Can You Do? Some Things You Can Do to Save Energy

High-Temperature Solar Energy

Promoting Renewable Energy

Photovoltaic Solar Energy

Storing Electrical Energy

Fuel Cells

Fuel Cell Types

Energy from Biomass

Burning Biomass

Fuelwood Crisis in Less-Developed Countries

Dung and Methane as Fuels

Alcohol from Biomass

Crop Residues, Energy Crops, and Peat

Energy from the Earth's Forces

Hydropower

Wind Energy

Geothermal Energy

Tidal and Wave Energy

Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion

Profile: Environmental Advocate

Objectives

Learning Online

What a Long, Strange Trip It Has Been

Solid Waste

The Waste Stream

Waste Disposal Methods

Open Dumps

Ocean Dumping

Landfills

Exporting Waste

Incineration and Resource Recovery

Shrinking the Waste Stream

Recycling

What Do You Think? Environmental Justice

Composting

Energy from Waste

Demanufacturing

Reuse

Producing Less Waste

What Can You Do? Reducing Waste

Hazardous and Toxic Wastes

What Is Hazardous Waste?

Hazardous Waste Disposal

Superfund Sites

IN DEPTH: Cleaning Up Toxic Waste with Plants

Options for Hazardous Waste Management

What Can You Do? Alternatives to Hazardous Household Chemicals

Objectives

Learning Online

Chattanooga, A Model Sustainable City

Urbanization

What Is a City?

World Urbanization

Causes of Urban Growth

Immigration Push Factors

Immigration Pull Factors

Government Policies

Current Urban Problems

The Developing World

The Developed World

What Do You Think? People for Community Recovery

Garden Cities and New Towns

New Urbanist Movement

Designing for Open Space

Sustainable Development in the Third World

CASE STUDY: Curitiba: An Environmental Showcase

Profile: Wetland Delineator

Objectives

Learning Online

Global Anti-globalization

Environmental Education

Environmental Literacy

Citizen Science

Environmental Careers

Individual Accountability

How Much Is Enough?

Shopping for Green Products

Blue Angels and Green Seals

What Can You Do? Reducing Consumption

Limits of Green Consumerism

Paying Attention to What's Important

Collective Actions

Student Environmental Groups

Mainline Environmental Organizations

Broadening the Environmental Agenda

Deep or Shallow Environmentalism?

What Do You Think? When Is Confrontation Appropriate?

What Do You Think? When Is Cooperation Helpful?

Radical Environmental Groups

Wise Use Movement

What Do You Think? Evaluating Extremist Claims

Global Issues

Public Opinions and Environmental Protection

Sustainable Development

International Nongovernmental Organizations

Green Government and Environmental Citizenship

Environmental Citizenship

Green Politics

What Can Individuals Do?

The Earth Charter