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| 1 | |
Which best demonstrates the basic principle of cephalocaudal development? |
| | A) | an infant first producing an endogenous smile, then an exogenous smile, then a laugh |
| | B) | an infant first being able to raise the head, then sit up, then stand up |
| | C) | an infant obtaining visual skills, then olfactory skills, then auditory skills |
| | D) | an infant cooing, then babbling, then the first word, then language |
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| 2 | |
The proximodistal progression pattern is seen in children's: |
| | A) | drawings, which are first done using the entire arm, and eventually using only the wrist and fingers. |
| | B) | toileting behaviour, which proceeds from urine control to bowel control. |
| | C) | head size, which originally comprises about one-fourth of the body, and eventually only one-eighth of the body. |
| | D) | memory, which proceeds from sensory store to short-term to long-term store. |
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| 3 | |
Which statement most accurately describes height and weight changes during infancy? |
| | A) | Both increase more rapidly during the second year than during the first year. |
| | B) | Girls increase in height and weight faster than boys do during infancy. |
| | C) | The sexes grow at the same rate during infancy. |
| | D) | Both height and weight increase more rapidly during the first year than during the second year. |
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| 4 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of the infant brain? |
| | A) | Increasing experience increases the number of neurons. |
| | B) | Increasing experience increases the number of connections between neurons. |
| | C) | The dendrites branch out with increasing age. |
| | D) | Neurotransmitters change with increasing age. |
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| 5 | |
The process of encasing axons with fat cells, which protects nerve cells and helps nerve impulses travel faster, is referred to as: |
| | A) | neuronal growth. |
| | B) | myelination. |
| | C) | lipidation. |
| | D) | insulation. |
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| 6 | |
Charles Nelson has made great strides in finding out about the brain's development in infancy by using: |
| | A) | PET scans. |
| | B) | MRIs. |
| | C) | Electrodes. |
| | D) | CT scans. |
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| 7 | |
The most extensive research on brain lateralization has focused on: |
| | A) | language. |
| | B) | visual coordination. |
| | C) | olfaction. |
| | D) | motor coordination. |
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| 8 | |
Research on language processing in the brain has found that: |
| | A) | virtually all language is carried out in the left hemisphere. |
| | B) | virtually all language is carried out in the right hemisphere. |
| | C) | in normal people, the complex thinking required to produce language results from communication between both hemispheres. |
| | D) | in normal people, tasks involving logical thinking are carried out in the left hemisphere and those involving creative thinking occur in the right hemisphere. |
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| 9 | |
Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain is: |
| | A) | genetic heritage. |
| | B) | repeated experience. |
| | C) | constant stimulation. |
| | D) | a delicate balance of proteins and amino acids. |
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| 10 | |
Before birth, it appears that: |
| | A) | the brain is fully "wired" and ready for action. |
| | B) | intrauterine experiences preprogram the brain's development. |
| | C) | extrauterine experiences preprogram the brain's development. |
| | D) | genes mainly direct how the brain establishes basic wiring patterns. |
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| 11 | |
If an alien randomly dropped in on ten newborns, it might conclude that humans spend their entire first months of life: |
| | A) | eating. |
| | B) | crying. |
| | C) | playing. |
| | D) | sleeping. |
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| 12 | |
Which statement most accurately portrays the sleep-wake cycle of infants? |
| | A) | Infants sleep less as they grow older. |
| | B) | Newborn sleep is reflexive, whereas infant sleep is intentional. |
| | C) | Infants eventually sleep more during the day than they do at night. |
| | D) | Infants spend less time sleeping than do adults. |
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| 13 | |
Cross-cultural research demonstrates that infant sleep patterns around the world: |
| | A) | are the same. |
| | B) | differ for each culture. |
| | C) | may relate to mother-child contact. |
| | D) | have been steadily changing as humans evolve. |
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| 14 | |
Sleep researchers have found that: |
| | A) | infants and adults exhibit very similar patterns of REM sleep. |
| | B) | infants engage in more REM sleep than adults. |
| | C) | adults engage in more REM sleep than infants. |
| | D) | adults enter REM sleep earlier in the sleep cycle than infants do. |
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| 15 | |
Since child-health experts began recommending that infants __________, the frequency of SIDS has decreased. |
| | A) | sleep on their stomachs |
| | B) | sleep on their backs |
| | C) | sleep on their sides |
| | D) | do not sleep with their mothers |
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| 16 | |
Juan was a low-birthweight infant, while Serge was a premature infant. Which statement applies to them? |
| | A) | Neither is vulnerable to SIDS. |
| | B) | Juan is less vulnerable to SIDS than Serge. |
| | C) | Juan is more vulnerable to SIDS than Serge. |
| | D) | Both are vulnerable to SIDS. |
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| 17 | |
Infants require about ____ joules a day for each kilogram they weigh. |
| | A) | 121 |
| | B) | 242 |
| | C) | 363 |
| | D) | 484 |
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| 18 | |
Susan Moxley is a lactation consultant. Therefore, she specializes in: |
| | A) | the prevention of SIDS. |
| | B) | the relation of early nutrition to cognitive performance. |
| | C) | social support for families of infants. |
| | D) | assisting women in the process of breast-feeding. |
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| 19 | |
The Canadian Paediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada, and Health Canada all recommend exclusive breast-feeding for AT LEAST: |
| | A) | the first month |
| | B) | the first four months |
| | C) | the first year |
| | D) | the first and second year |
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| 20 | |
Which of the following conditions is NOT necessary for a young child to be toilet trained? |
| | A) | adequate motivation |
| | B) | muscular maturation |
| | C) | muscular control |
| | D) | a regulated toileting schedule |
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| 21 | |
Which statement best characterizes infant reflexes? |
| | A) | Reflexes are vestigial remnants of early evolutionary processes. |
| | B) | Reflexes are genetically carried survival mechanisms. |
| | C) | Modern infants rely more on learning than on reflexes. |
| | D) | All reflexes disappear by the end of infancy. |
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| 22 | |
The sucking style of an infant is dependent on all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | the way the milk is coming out of the bottle or breast. |
| | B) | the infant's sucking speed and temperament. |
| | C) | the way the infant is held. |
| | D) | the nourishment being offered. |
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| 23 | |
Charlie turns his head, opens his mouth, and begins sucking when his cheek is stroked. Charlie is demonstrating which reflex? |
| | A) | rooting |
| | B) | Babinski |
| | C) | tonic neck |
| | D) | Moro |
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| 24 | |
Which infant motor event typically occurs first? |
| | A) | stands with support |
| | B) | cruises around furniture |
| | C) | rolls over |
| | D) | sits without support |
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| 25 | |
Most pediatricians recommend that parents: |
| | A) | slowly ease their babies into structured exercise regimes. |
| | B) | enroll their babies in exercise classes. |
| | C) | use exercise sessions as a way to bond with their babies. |
| | D) | avoid structured exercise classes for babies. |
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| 26 | |
As a researcher who uses the developmental biodynamics perspective, Dr. Sandee would: |
| | A) | describe the ages at which various motor achievements are reached. |
| | B) | describe universal milestones (e.g., crawling, walking) as a process of adaptation. |
| | C) | explain the ages at which various motor achievements are reached as a result of brain maturation. |
| | D) | explain the ages at which various motor achievements are reached as a result of maturation of the central nervous system. |
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| 27 | |
_________ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors. |
| | A) | Sensation |
| | B) | Perception |
| | C) | Intermodal perception |
| | D) | Perceptual-motor coupling |
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| 28 | |
Was William James right when he proclaimed that newborns experience a "blooming, buzzing" world of confusion? |
| | A) | No, because infants' perception of visual information is more advanced than previously thought. |
| | B) | Yes, because infants' visual acuity is less than that of adults. |
| | C) | Yes, because infants sense the world but do not perceive it. |
| | D) | No, because infants' reflexes allow for organization into perceptual categories. |
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| 29 | |
Robert Fantz (1963) found that infants as young as 2 days old: |
| | A) | were able to focus on their mothers' eyes. |
| | B) | were able to distinguish contour. |
| | C) | showed a preference for patterned stimuli over plain stimuli. |
| | D) | began to perceive the oval shape of the head. |
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| 30 | |
In Gibson and Walk's (1960) experiment, infants placed on one side of a visual cliff refused to go to their mothers who were coaxing them from the other side. This result was cited as evidence for: |
| | A) | depth perception. |
| | B) | failure of visual acuity. |
| | C) | inability to hear at a distance. |
| | D) | inability to crawl. |
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| 31 | |
What evidence indicates that a fetus can hear? |
| | A) | A fetus moves when a loud noise occurs. |
| | B) | Newborns prefer their mother's voice to strangers' voices. |
| | C) | Hearing is more sensitive and better developed among newborns who have been experimentally stimulated before birth |
| | D) | Newborns prefer to hear stories that were read to them in their mother's womb. |
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| 32 | |
One current controversy concerning the medical treatment of infants involves: |
| | A) | the use of small amounts of cocaine to stimulate the heart rate of sluggish neonates. |
| | B) | the rule of now allowing mothers to hold their at-risk low-birthweight neonate immediately after birth. |
| | C) | not using any anesthetics when performing surgery on young infants. |
| | D) | the fact that a mother's opinion outweighs a father's when it comes to a decision of whether a child should be given a heart transplant. |
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| 33 | |
Which of the following smells do infants like the LEAST? |
| | A) | vanilla |
| | B) | fish |
| | C) | their mother's milk |
| | D) | strawberries |
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| 34 | |
Jessica turned her head when she heard footsteps in the hall, then she smiled when she saw her mother come into the room. This demonstrates ________ perception. |
| | A) | depth |
| | B) | intermodal |
| | C) | auditory |
| | D) | visual |
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