Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A disability in which children show inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
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Basic-skills-and-phonetics approach | An approach to reading instruction that stresses phonetics and basic rules for translating symbols into sounds
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Brainstorming | A technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with ideas in a group
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Convergent thinking | Thinking that produces one correct answer
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Creativity | Ability to think in novel, unusual ways and come up with unique solutions
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Critical thinking | Thinking that involves grasping the deeper meaning of ideas
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Cultural-familial retardation | Retardation with no evidence of organic brain damage but an IQ between 50 and 70
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Culture-fair tests | Tests that are designed to be free of cultural bias
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Divergent thinking | Thinking that produces many answers to the same question
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Dyslexia | Category of learning disabilities involving severe impairment in reading and spelling abilities
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Gifted | Above-average intelligence (an IQ of 120 or higher) and/or superior talent for something
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Intelligence | Verbal ability, problem-solving skills, ability to learn from/adapt to everyday experience
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Intelligence quotient (IQ) | A persons mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
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Learning disability | A disability that involves normal intelligence or above, difficulties in at least one academic area, and no other problem that can be determined as causing the difficulty
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Long-term memory | A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time
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Mainstreaming | Educating a child with special education needs in a regular classroom
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Mental age (MA) | Binets measure of an individuals level of mental development compared with that of others
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Mental retardation | Limited mental ability with an IQ score below 70 and difficulty adapting to everyday life
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Metacognition | Thinking about thinking or knowing about knowing
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Neo-Piagetians | Developmentalists who have elaborated on Piagets theory
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Normal distribution | A symmetrical distribution with most cases falling in the middle of the range of scores
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Organic retardation | Mental retardation involving some physical damage caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage
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Seriation | The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension
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Transitivity | Mental concept underlying the ability to combine relations logically and understand conclusions
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Triarchic theory of intelligence | Intelligence consists of analytical, creative, and practical components
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Whole-language approach | An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that reading instruction should parallel childrens natural language learning
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