Glossary

Glossary

Glossary
(See related pages)

Term1
angle	The figure formed by two lines with a common endpoint called a vertex.

Term2
angle bisector	The line that divides an angle into two equal parts. (See page 95, Chapter 3.)

Term3
area	The number of square units contained in a two- dimensional region.

Term4
base (2-D geometry)	A side of a two-dimensional closed figure. Common symbol is b. (See page 101, Chapter 3.)

Term5
Cartesian plane	The plane formed when a horizontal number line and a vertical number line cross. Also called a coordinate grid. (See page 4, Chapter 1.)

Term6
central angle	An angle formed by two radii of a circle. The vertex of the angle is at the centre of the circle. (See page 292, Chapter 8.)

Term7
circle	A set of points that are all the same distance from a fixed point called the centre. (See page 266, Chapter 8.)

Term8
circle graph	A graph that represents data using sections of a circle. (See page 287, Chapter 8.)

Term9
circumference	The distance around a circle. This is a linear measurement. Represented by the variable, C. (See page 274, Chapter 8.)

common denominator

A common multiple of the denominators of a set of fractions.

A common denominator for

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and

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is 6 because a common multiple of 2 and 3 is 6.

(See page 231, Chapter 7.)

Term11
common factor	A number that two or more numbers are divisible by. 4 is a common factor of 8 and 12. (See page 203, Chapter 6.)

Term12
constant	A number that does not change. Increases or decreases the value of the expression no matter what the value of the variable. In 2x + 4, the number 4 is the constant. (See page 360, Chapter 10.)

Term13
coordinates	The values in an ordered pair (x, y). (See page 5, Chapter 1.)

denominator

The number of equal parts in the whole or the group.

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has a denominator of 4.

Term15
diameter	The distance across a circle through its centre. Represented by the variable, d. (See page 269, Chapter 8.)

Term16
divisible	When a number can be divided by another number evenly, with no remainder. (See page 199, Chapter 6.)

Term17
equally likely	Each outcome has the same chance of occurring.

Term18
equation	A mathematical statement with two expressions that have the same value. 3a – 21 = 4 and 2a = 6 – b are equations. (See page 391, Chapter 11.)

equivalent fractions

Fractions that represent the same part of a whole or group.

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and

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are equivalent fractions.

Term20
estimate	To approximate an answer. (See page 45, Chapter 2.)

Term21
experimental probability	The probability of an event occurring based on experimental results. (See page 184, Chapter 5.)

Term22
exponent	The number of factors you multiply. In the term 5², the number 2 is called an exponent.

Term23
expression	Any single number or variable, or a combination of operations involving numbers and variables. 2y - 7, 11x, and 14 are expressions. (See page 358, Chapter 10.)

Term24
factors	Numbers that are multiplied to produce a product.

Term25
favourable outcome	A successful result in a probability experiment. (See page 160, Chapter 5.)

Term26
fraction	A number that represents a part of a whole or a part of a group.

Term27
frequency table	A table used to show the number of occurrences in an experiment or survey.

Term28
graph	A visual way to show the relationship between two sets of numbers. (See page 374, Chapter 10.)

Term29
height	The perpendicular distance from the base to the opposite side. Common symbol is h. (See page 101, Chapter 3.)

improper fraction

A fraction that has a numerator greater than the denominator, such as

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.

(See page 246, Chapter 7.)

Term31
independent events	A result in which the outcome of one event has no effect on the outcome of another event. (See page 166, Chapter 5.)

Term32
integer	Any of the numbers …, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, ….

Term33
line	A set of points that contains no endpoints.

Term34
line segment	The part of a line between two endpoints.

Term35
linear relation	A pattern made by two sets of numbers that results in points along a straight line when graphed on a coordinate grid. (See page 372, Chapter 10.)

Term36
lowest terms	When the numerator and denominator of a fraction have no common factors other than 1. (See page 204, Chapter 6.)

mean

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values in the set.

6, 8, 5, 9, 12 Mean =
=	8

(See page 429, Chapter 12.)

Term38
measure of central tendency	A value that represents the centre of a set of data. It can be the mean, median, or mode. (See page 423, Chapter 12.)

Term39
median	The middle number in a set of data after the data have been arranged in order. For the data 2, 5, 6, 8, and 9, the median is 6. For the data 1, 3, 7, 7, 9, and 10, the median is 7. (See page 423, Chapter 12.)

mixed number

A number made up of a whole number and a fraction, such as

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.

(See page 245, Chapter 7.)

Term41
mode	The most frequently occurring number in a set of data. There can be more than one mode. For the data 3, 5, 7, 7, and 9, the mode is 7. For the data 2, 2, 4, 6, 6, 8, and 11, the modes are 2 and 6. (See page 423, Chapter 12.)

Term42
multiple	The product of a given number and a natural number like 1, 2, 3, and so on. Some multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. (See page 232, Chapter 7.)

Term43
natural number	Any of the numbers 1, 2, 3, …

Term44
numerical coefficient	A number that multiplies the variable. In 2x + 4, the number 2 is the numerical coefficient. (See page 360, Chapter 10.)

numerator

The number of equal parts being considered in the whole or the group.

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has numerator 3.

Term46
opposite integers	Two integers with the same numeral, but different signs. Two integers represented by points that are the same distance in opposite directions from zero on a number line. +2 and -2 are opposite integers. (See page 311, Chapter 9.)

Term47
opposite operations	Operations that "undo" other operations. Some people call them "inverse operations." Addition and subtraction are opposite operations. Multiplication and division are opposite operations. (See page 397, Chapter 11.)

Term48
order of operations	Correct sequence of steps for a calculation. Brackets first, then multiply and divide in order from left to right, and then add and subtract in order from left to right. (See page 68, Chapter 2.)

Term49
ordered pair	A pair of numbers used to locate a point on a coordinate grid.

Term50
origin	The point where the x-axis and the y -axis cross. (See page 5, Chapter 1.)

Term51
outcome	One possible result of a probability experiment. (See page 160, Chapter 5.)

Term52
outlier	A value that is much smaller or larger than the other data values. (See page 435, Chapter 12.)

Term53
overestimate	An estimate that is larger than the actual answer. (See page 45, Chapter 2.)

Term54
parallel	Describes lines in the same plane that never cross or intersect. (See page 83, Chapter 3.)

Term55
parallelogram	A four-sided figure with opposite sides parallel and equal in length. (See page 100, Chapter 3.)

Term56
pattern	An arrangement of shapes, colours, numbers, letters, words, and so on, for which you can predict what comes next. (See page 350, Chapter 10.)

percent

Means "out of 100" or "hundredths."

30% means 30 hundredths or 30 out of 100 or

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or 0.30.

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(See page 124, Chapter 4.)

Term58
perimeter	The distance around the outside of a two-dimensional shape or figure.

Term59
perpendicular	Describes lines that intersect at right angles (90⁰). (See page 83, Chapter 3.)

Term60
perpendicular bisector	A line that divides a line segment in half and is at right angles to it. (See page 90, Chapter 3.)

Term61
pi	The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The symbol for pi is π. (See page 274, Chapter 8.)

Term62
probability	The likelihood or chance of an event occurring. Probability can be expressed as a ratio, fraction, or percent. (See page 158, Chapter 5.)

proper fraction

A fraction that has a numerator less than its denominator, such as

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.

Term64
quadrants	The four regions on the coordinate grid. (See page 5, Chapter 1.)

Term65
radius	The distance from the centre of a circle to the outside edge. Represented by the variable, r. (See page 268, Chapter 8.)

Term66
random	An event in which every outcome has an equal chance of occurring. (See page 171, Chapter 5.)

Term67
range	The difference between the largest and smallest values in a data set. (See page 435, Chapter 12.)

Term68
reflection	A flip over a mirror line. (See page 19, Chapter 1.)

Term69
relationship	A pattern formed by 2 sets of numbers. (See page 375, Chapter 10.)

repeating decimal

A decimal number with a digit or group of digits that repeats forever. Repeating digits are shown with a bar.

0.777… =

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(See page 135, Chapter 4.)

Term71
rotation	A turn about a fixed point called the centre of rotation. (See page 19, Chapter 1.)

Term72
sample space	All possible outcomes of an experiment. (See page 166, Chapter 5.)

Term73
sector	The section of a circle formed by two radii and an arc of the circle connecting the radii. (See page 287, Chapter 8.)

Term74
semi-circle	Half of a circle.

Term75
table of values	A table showing two sets of related numbers. (See page 367, Chapter 10.)

Term76
tally chart	A table used to record experimental results or data. Tally marks are used to count the data.

Term77
terminating decimal	A decimal number in which the digits stop. 0.4, 0.86, and 0.25 are terminating decimals. (See page 136, Chapter 4.)

Term78
theoretical probability	The expected probability of an event occurring. (See page 184, Chapter 5.)

Term79
transformation	Moves one geometric figure onto another. Examples are translations, reflections, and rotations. (See page 18, Chapter 1.)

Term80
translation	A slide along a straight line. (See page 18, Chapter 1.)

Term81
tree diagram	A diagram with a branch for each possible outcome of an event. (See page 167, Chapter 5.)

Term82
underestimate	An estimate that is smaller than the actual answer. (See page 45, Chapter 2.)

unit fraction

A fraction with a number of 1.

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,

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,

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, etc.

Term84
value	A known or calculated amount. (See page 360, Chapter 10.)

Term85
variable	A letter that represents an unknown number. In 2x + 4, the letter x is the variable. (See page 358, Chapter 10.)

Term86
vertex	A point where two sides of a figure meet. Plural is vertices. (See page 13, Chapter 1.)

Term87
whole number	Any of the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, …

Term88
x-axis	The horizontal number line on the coordinate grid. (See page 5, Chapter 1.)

Term89
x-coordinate	The first number in the ordered pair describing a point on a coordinate grid. The x-coordinate of point P(2, 5) is 2.

Term90
y-axis	The vertical number line on the coordinate grid. (See page 5, Chapter 1.)

Term91
y-coordinate	The second number in the ordered pair describing a point on a coordinate grid. The y-coordinate of point P(2, 5) is 5.

Term92
zero pair	A pair of integer chips, with one chip representing +1 and one chip representing -1. The pair represents zero because (+1) + (-1) = 0. (See page 310, Chapter 9.)

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