Learning Objectives

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Define motivation, and describe three identified sources of motivation, emphasizing the various theories associated with each of these sources.
2. Summarize what is known about the bodily, brain, and environmental factors involved in the regulation of the hunger motive.
3. Define obesity, and identify and describe the biopsychological and behavioral factors involved in obesity.
4. Describe two eating disorders and summarize what is known about the biological and social-cultural causes of these disorders.
5. Describe the biopsychological and psychosocial factors that influence human sexual behavior.
6. Describe the contributions of William Masters and Virginia Johnson to the understanding of sexual functioning, emphasizing the characteristics of the sexual response cycle.
7. Describe Alfred Kinsey’s contributions to the understanding of American sexual behavior and explain the nature of the controversy that surrounded his work.
8. Define sexual orientation, and describe the biopsychological and behavioral factors involved in sexual orientation.
9. Summarize Simon LeVay’s "Gay Brain" research, and explain the controversy surrounding it.
10. Summarize the current status of sexual orientation theories.
11. Describe the arousal motive and summarize the findings regarding the effects of optimal arousal, sensory deprivation and sensation-seeking on psychological functioning.
12. Describe achievement motivation and explain how it is related to need for achievement and intrinsic motivation.
13. Distinguish between and give examples of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
14. Distinguish between overjustification theory and cognitive-evaluation theory.