Lester M. Sdorow,
Arcadia University
Cheryl A. Rickabaugh,
University of Redlands
| activation-synthesis theory | The theory that dreams are the by-products of the mind's attempt to make sense of the spontaneous changes in physiological activity generated by the brain stem during REM sleep.
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| age regression | A hypnotic state in which the individual apparently behaves as she or he did as a child.
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| amphetamines | Stimulants used to maintain alertness and wakefulness.
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| attention | The process by which the individual focuses awareness on certain contents of consciousness while ignoring others.
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| automatic processing | Information processing that requires less conscious awareness and mental effort, and that does not interfere with the performance of other ongoing activities.
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| barbiturates | Depressants used to induce sleep or anesthesia.
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| biological rhythms | Repeating cycles of physiological changes.
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| caffeine | A stimulant used to increase mental alertness.
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| cannabis sativa | A hallucinogen derived from the hemp plant and ingested in the form of marijuana or hashish.
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| circadian rhythms | 24-hour cycles of physiological changes, most notably the sleep-wake cycle.
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| cocaine | A stimulant used to induce mental alertness and euphoria.
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| conscious mind | The level of consciousness that includes the mental experiences that we are aware of at a given moment.
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| consciousness | Awareness of one's own mental activity, including thoughts, feelings, and sensations.
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| controlled processing | Information processing that involves conscious awareness and mental effort, and that interferes with the performance of other ongoing activities.
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| depressants | Psychoactive drugs that inhibit activity in the central nervous system.
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| dissociation | A state in which the mind is split into two or more independent streams of consciousness.
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| dream | A storylike sequence of visual images, usually occurring during REM sleep.
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| entactogens | A new category of psychoactive drugs that have unique effects intermediate to those associated with hallucinogens and stimulants.
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| ethyl alcohol | A depressant found in beverages and commonly used to reduce social inhibitions.
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| hallucinogens | Psychoactive drugs that induce extreme alterations in consciousness, including visual hallucinations, a sense of timelessness, and feelings of depersonalization.
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| hidden observer | Ernest Hilgard's term for the part of the hypnotized person's consciousness that is not under the control of the hypnotist but is aware of what is taking place.
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| hypermnesia | The hypnotic enhancement of recall.
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| hypnosis | An induced state of consciousness in which one person responds to suggestions by another person for alterations in perception, thinking, and behavior.
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| insomnia | Chronic difficulty in either falling asleep or staying asleep.
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| latent content | Sigmund Freud's term for the true, though disguised, meaning of a dream.
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| LSD | A hallucinogen derived from a fungus that grows on rye grain.
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| lucid dreaming | The ability to be aware that one is dreaming and to direct one's dreams.
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| manifest content | Sigmund Freud's term for the verbally reported dream.
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| narcolepsy | A condition in which an awake person suffers from repeated, sudden, and irresistible REM sleep attacks.
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| neodissociation theory | The theory that hypnosis induces a dissociated state of consciousness.
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| nicotine | A stimulant used to regulate physical and mental arousal.
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| nightmare | A frightening dream occurring during REM sleep.
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| night terror | A frightening NREM experience, common in childhood, in which the individual may suddenly sit up, let out a bloodcurdling scream, speak incoherently, and quickly fall back to sleep, yet usually fails to recall it on awakening.
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| NREM sleep | The stages of sleep not associated with rapid eye movements and marked by relatively little dreaming.
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| opiates | Depressants, derived from opium, used to relieve pain or to induce a euphoric state of consciousness.
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| perception without awareness | The unconscious perception of stimuli that normally exceed the absolute threshold but fall outside our focus of attention.
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| phase advance | Shortening the sleep-wake cycle, as occurs when traveling from west to east.
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| phase delay | Lengthening the sleep-wake cycle, as occurs when traveling from east to west.
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| pineal gland | An endocrine gland that secretes a hormone that has a general tranquilizing effect on the body and that helps regulate biological rhythms.
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| posthypnotic suggestions | Suggestions directing people to carry out particular behaviors or to have particular experiences after leaving hypnosis.
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| preconscious mind | The level of consciousness that contains feelings and memories that we are unaware of at the moment but can become aware of at will.
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| psychoactive drugs | Chemicals that induce changes in mood, thinking, perception, and behavior by affecting neuronal activity in the brain.
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| REM sleep | The stage of sleep associated with rapid eye movements, an active brain-wave pattern, and vivid dreams.
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| sleep apnea | A condition in which a person awakens repeatedly in order to breathe.
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| stimulants | Psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity.
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| subliminal psychodynamic activation | The use of subliminal messages to stimulate unconscious fantasies.
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| synesthesia | The process in which an individual experiences sensations in one sensory modality that are characteristic of another.
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| unconscious mind | The level of consciousness that contains thoughts, feelings, and memories that influence us without our awareness and that we cannot become aware of at will.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education