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1 | |
Which of the following statements is true about evolutionary fitness? |
|
| | A) | Survival is more important than reproduction in its contribution to fitness. |
| | B) | Fitness may be defined as an individual's lifetime reproductive success relative to that of others in the population. |
| | C) | An individual has an innate fitness that determines its lifetime reproductive success regardless of environmental factors. |
| | D) | none of the above |
|
2 | |
Selection pressure acts directly on the phenotype, not the genotype. |
|
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
|
3 | |
All the modern breeds of dogs evolved from an ancestral wolf due to natural selection for juvenile morphological and behavioral traits. |
|
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
|
4 | |
Humans were unable to use artificial selection until the nineteenth century, when Darwin elucidated the theory of natural selection and showed how it could be applied to agriculture. |
|
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
|
5 | |
The genetic variation present in a population at a given time sets limits on the types of change that can be generated by artificial or natural selection. |
|
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
|
6 | |
Which of the following statements is true about the peppered moth (Biston betularia)? |
|
| | A) | Individual peppered moths can change color to match their background. |
| | B) | The melanic phase of the peppered moth was not found in natural populations until the expansion of the manufacturing industry in nineteenth-century England. |
| | C) | The peppered phase of Biston betularia decreased in frequency when pollution darkened the wing scales of moths that lived on lichen-covered trees. |
| | D) | When pollution killed the lichens on trees in England, the melanic phase became less conspicuous to predators than the peppered phase, and natural selection changed the relative frequencies of the two phases. |
|
7 | |
Disruptive selection can generate and maintain polymorphism in a population. |
|
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
|
8 | |
Sexual dimorphism is easily explained by ordinary natural selection because males and females of a species generally face different environmental conditions. |
|
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
|
9 | |
Which of the following is NOT true of sexual selection and its consequences? |
|
| | A) | Sexual dimorphism tends to be absent when there is no competition for mates among members of the same sex. |
| | B) | Females are generally expected to be choosy about the males they will mate with. |
| | C) | Bright colors and extravagant ornaments in males are often the results of sexual selection. |
| | D) | In species with sexual selection, females consciously choose to mate with males that meet a set of predetermined criteria. |
|
10 | |
Sexually selected traits are often indicators of a male's health or overall quality as a mate. |
|
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
|
11 | |
Males never contribute to parental care in non-human species. |
|
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
|
12 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT true about water snakes around Lake Erie? |
|
| | A) | Selection pressure from visual predators favors a cryptic color pattern of dark blotches on a white background in most habitats. |
| | B) | Lack of predators on islands in western Lake Erie has allowed light-colored, unbanded snakes to become common on these islands. |
| | C) | Migration of banded individuals onto the islands in western Lake Erie prevents natural selection from fixing the light, unbanded color pattern on these islands. |
| | D) | Young, conspicuous individuals are more vulnerable to bird predation than older, conspicuous individuals. |
|
13 | |
If a population is well adapted to its current environment, and if that environment remains constant, which type of natural selection is most likely occurring on traits in that population? |
|
| | A) | directional selection |
| | B) | disruptive selection |
| | C) | stabilizing selection |
| | D) | no selection of any type—the population is already adapted to its environment |
|
14 | |
Stabilizing selection tends to increase genotypic and phenotypic variation in a population. |
|
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
|
15 | |
Which of the following is an example of directional selection? |
|
| | A) | selection favoring corn with high oil content |
| | B) | selection favoring the narrowest bills in a population of insectivorous birds |
| | C) | selection favoring human babies of intermediate birth weight |
| | D) | more than one of the above |
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