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1 | |
The sun and the planets probably formed over a ________ year period. |
| | A) | 3.8 billion |
| | B) | 4.6 billion |
| | C) | 10 billion |
| | D) | 38 billion |
| | E) | 26 billion |
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2 | |
The sun and the planets probably formed from aggregates of ________. |
| | A) | dust particles and debris |
| | B) | light and nuclear energy |
| | C) | iron and nickel |
| | D) | nitrogen, water vapor and carbon dioxide |
| | E) | ammonia and methane |
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3 | |
The molten liquid core of the earth is primarily ________ . |
| | A) | dust particles and debris |
| | B) | atom nuclei and nuclear energy |
| | C) | iron and nickel |
| | D) | nitrogen, water vapor and carbon dioxide |
| | E) | compressed ammonia and methane |
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4 | |
The primitive atmosphere was the same as the atmosphere today. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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5 | |
The earth's primitive atmosphere was primarily ________ . |
| | A) | dust particles and debris |
| | B) | oxygen and nitrogen but in a different mixture from today |
| | C) | iron and nickel vapor |
| | D) | nitrogen, water vapor and carbon dioxide |
| | E) | gaseous ammonia and methane |
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6 | |
The primitive atmosphere contained various gases, but no oxygen, making it _________. |
| | A) | a reducing atmosphere |
| | B) | an oxidizing atmosphere |
| | C) | a waterless desert environment |
| | D) | darkened sky that light could not penetrate |
| | E) | all of the above |
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7 | |
Today's atmosphere is known as _________ . |
| | A) | a reducing atmosphere |
| | B) | an oxidizing atmosphere |
| | C) | a biosphere |
| | D) | a polluted atmosphere |
| | E) | the greenhouse effect |
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8 | |
An oxidizing atmosphere _________. |
| | A) | promotes the buildup of organic molecules. |
| | B) | prevents organic molecules from joining to form larger molecules |
| | C) | prevents evolution |
| | D) | kills eukaryotic organisms |
| | E) | prevents cellular metabolism |
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9 | |
The oceans were formed by ___________. |
| | A) | the earth's cooling, causing water vapor to condense to liquid water causing rain falling in huge quantities |
| | B) | water directly outgassing from volcanoes |
| | C) | hydrogen and oxygen being pulled gravitationally from space |
| | D) | the breakdown of hydrogen an oxygen-bearing molecules in the crust |
| | E) | release of cytoplasm from dead cells |
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10 | |
In the origin of life, the newly formed organic molecules could have polymerized to form ______. |
| | A) | cells |
| | B) | atmospheric gases |
| | C) | vital life forces |
| | D) | amino acids and organic acids |
| | E) | macromolecules |
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11 | |
There is/are ___ primary hypothesis/es concerning the macromolecular stage in the origin of life and it is/they are _________. |
| | A) | one; the RNA-first hypothesis |
| | B) | one; the protein-first hypothesis |
| | C) | two: the RNA-first hypothesis and the protein-first hypothesis |
| | D) | two: the RNA-first hypothesis and the Graham Cairns-Smith clay hypothesis |
| | E) | three: the RNA-first hypothesis, the protein-first hypothesis, and the Graham Cairns-Smith clay hypothesis |
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12 | |
The RNA-first hypothesis speculates that RNA eventually synthesized ______ and DNA, the usual genetic material. |
| | A) | clay |
| | B) | liposomes |
| | C) | energy sources |
| | D) | proteins |
| | E) | microspheres |
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13 | |
Sidney Fox has shown that amino acids polymerize abiotically when exposed to dry heat and form _________. |
| | A) | liposomes |
| | B) | proteinoids |
| | C) | ribozymes |
| | D) | DNA |
| | E) | RNA |
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14 | |
When proteinoids are returned to water they form ______, structures composed only of proteins but having many properties of cells. |
| | A) | clay |
| | B) | liposomes |
| | C) | energy sources |
| | D) | proteins |
| | E) | microspheres |
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15 | |
The protein-first hypothesis assumes that protein enzymes evolved before DNA genes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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16 | |
A cell is separated from its environment by a lipid-protein membrane. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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17 | |
The Graham Cairns-Smith hypothesis states that ________. |
| | A) | clay attracts small organic molecules |
| | B) | clay has a tendency to collect outside energy and discharge it when temperature and humidity change |
| | C) | RNA nucleotides and amino acids associated so that polypeptides were ordered by and helped synthesize RNA |
| | D) | both polypeptides and RNA arose at the same time |
| | E) | all of the above |
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18 | |
Phospholipid molecules automatically form droplets called ______ in a liquid environment. |
| | A) | proteinoids |
| | B) | protocell |
| | C) | ribozymes |
| | D) | liposomes |
| | E) | microspheres |
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19 | |
______ droplets tend to absorb and incorporate various substances from the surrounding solution. |
| | A) | Ribozyme |
| | B) | Coacervate |
| | C) | Liposome |
| | D) | Microsphere |
| | E) | Proteinoid |
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20 | |
A protocell was the very first structure with a lipid-protein membrane and energy metabolism. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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21 | |
The first true cell would have _______. |
| | A) | a self-replicating DNA system |
| | B) | a cell membrane |
| | C) | proteins synthesis to produce enzymes to allow DNA to replicate |
| | D) | ability to utilize energy either as an autotroph or heterotroph |
| | E) | all of the above |
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22 | |
The protocell was likely a ______, an organism that takes in preformed food. |
| | A) | phototroph |
| | B) | cannibal |
| | C) | autotroph |
| | D) | heterotroph |
| | E) | omnivore |
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23 | |
Glycolysis is a common metabolic pathway in living things so it evolved early in the history of life. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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24 | |
Since there was no free oxygen, we can assume that the protocell carried on a form of ______. |
| | A) | cannibalism |
| | B) | photosynthesis |
| | C) | autodigestion |
| | D) | aerobic respiration |
| | E) | fermentation |
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25 | |
Once a protocell was capable of reproduction, it became a true cell and __________ would have begun. |
| | A) | photosynthesis and the buildup of an atmosphere |
| | B) | chemical evolution |
| | C) | biological evolution |
| | D) | aerobic respiration |
| | E) | the geological time scale |
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26 | |
The central theme or dogma of genetics is that ________. |
| | A) | each organism must reproduce |
| | B) | information must flow from proteins to RNA to DNA |
| | C) | information must flow from proteins to DNA to RNA |
| | D) | information must flow from DNA to RNA to proteins |
| | E) | all life must follow Mendel's principles of heredity |
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27 | |
The first protocells must have been bounded by membranes and been heterotrophic fermenters with some degree of enzymatic ability. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | |
The oldest fossils are about ______ years old. |
| | A) | 3.5 billion |
| | B) | 3.5 million |
| | C) | 2. 5 billion |
| | D) | 2 billion |
| | E) | 100 million |
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29 | |
The first fossils are presumed to have been ______ cells. |
| | A) | animal cells |
| | B) | prokaryotic cells |
| | C) | plant cells |
| | D) | protocells |
| | E) | multicellular organisms |
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30 | |
The major event(s) that occurred in the early history of the earth was/were ___________. |
| | A) | formation and cooling of the earth |
| | B) | oxidizing atmosphere was established |
| | C) | continents drifting |
| | D) | prokaryotes evolving into eukaryotes and multicellular organisms |
| | E) | all of the above |
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31 | |
The first eukaryotes evolved on earth about ______ years ago. |
| | A) | 1 million |
| | B) | 2.1 million |
| | C) | 1 billion |
| | D) | 2.1 billion |
| | E) | 3.6 billion |
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32 | |
The first multicellular organisms began to appear ________ years ago. |
| | A) | 700 million |
| | B) | 1 billion |
| | C) | 1. 7 billion |
| | D) | 2. 7 billion |
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33 | |
______ is all the changes that have occurred in living things since the beginning of life. |
| | A) | Synthesis |
| | B) | Symbiosis |
| | C) | Selection |
| | D) | Extinction |
| | E) | Evolution |
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34 | |
Evolution explains the ______ of life. |
| | A) | purpose |
| | B) | unity and diversity |
| | C) | both 1 and 2 |
| | D) | function |
| | E) | ultimate goal |
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35 | |
Many fields of biology provide evidence that supports the hypothesis of common descent. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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36 | |
The less varied the evidence supporting a hypothesis, the more certain it becomes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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37 | |
___________ was NOT available to Darwin. |
| | A) | Fossil evidence |
| | B) | Anatomical evidence |
| | C) | Biochemical evidence |
| | D) | All of the above |
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38 | |
Fossils are ___________. |
| | A) | mineralized bones of animals |
| | B) | plants pressed into shale |
| | C) | insects trapped in resin |
| | D) | footprints, worm casts or preserved worm droppings |
| | E) | all of the above |
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39 | |
______ study fossils in the earth's strata. |
| | A) | Fossilogists |
| | B) | Taxonomists |
| | C) | Systematists |
| | D) | Paleontologists |
| | E) | Geologists |
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40 | |
Particularly interesting are the fossils that serve as ____________ groups. |
| | A) | barriers between |
| | B) | distinctive separators of |
| | C) | representatives of extinct |
| | D) | transitional links between |
| | E) | undetermined |
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41 | |
Fossils can be linked over time because ________. |
| | A) | most are embedded in sedimentary rock that is laid down in layers |
| | B) | the bottom layers of sediment are younger than the top layers |
| | C) | most are embedded in metamorphic rock that can be dated to volcanic eras |
| | D) | all forms of organisms have been fossilized and the record is complete |
| | E) | all organisms change at equal rates over time |
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42 | |
The fossil Archaeopteryx is a transitional link between early ___________. |
| | A) | fish and amphibians |
| | B) | amphibians and reptiles |
| | C) | reptiles and birds |
| | D) | reptiles and mammals |
| | E) | birds and mammals |
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43 | |
The Cenozoic era pertains to __________. |
| | A) | modern or most recent life |
| | B) | middle life |
| | C) | ancient or oldest life |
| | D) | the time before life appeared |
| | E) | the age of dinosaurs |
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44 | |
The ______ era pertains to "middle animal life" and includes the periods during which dinosaurs prevailed. |
| | A) | Paleozoic |
| | B) | Cenozoic |
| | C) | Mesozoic |
| | D) | Mediumzoic |
| | E) | Precambrian |
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45 | |
The Paleozoic era refers to ancient animal life. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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46 | |
______ is the study of the distribution of plants and animals throughout the world. |
| | A) | Geology |
| | B) | Biogeography |
| | C) | Taxonomy |
| | D) | Systematics |
| | E) | Paleontology |
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47 | |
About 200 to 250 million years ago, all land masses formed a supercontinent called _________. |
| | A) | Laurasia |
| | B) | Gondwanaland |
| | C) | Pangaea |
| | D) | Gaia |
| | E) | Protoearth |
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48 | |
Physical factors often determine where a population can spread. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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49 | |
Different vertebrates have uniquely different types of skeletons. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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50 | |
All vertebrate forelimbs contain essentially the same sets of bones despite their dissimilar functions. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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51 | |
Homologous structures have similar functions but differ in anatomy. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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52 | |
______ structures are anatomical features that are fully developed and functional in one group of organisms but are reduced and functionless in similar groups. |
| | A) | Homologous |
| | B) | Analogous |
| | C) | Transitional |
| | D) | Biochemical |
| | E) | Vestigial |
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53 | |
Vestigial structures occur because _______. |
| | A) | related forms evolved in one locale |
| | B) | animals inherit their anatomy from their ancestors |
| | C) | an organism leaves no traces of its evolutionary history |
| | D) | they failed to work and evolution has not eliminated them yet |
| | E) | all of the above |
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54 | |
Chick and pig embryos have many features in common. This is because ________. |
| | A) | they are both found in South America |
| | B) | they are both invertebrates |
| | C) | they evolved from a common ancestor |
| | D) | they both serve as human food |
| | E) | all of the above |
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55 | |
At some time during development, all vertebrates _________. |
| | A) | have a dorsal supporting rod and exhibit paired pharyngeal pouches |
| | B) | develop functioning gills |
| | C) | develop ears |
| | D) | develop tonsils, thymus, and parathyroid glands |
| | E) | do all of the above |
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56 | |
In humans, the first pair of pharyngeal pouches become the ___________ . |
| | A) | inner ears |
| | B) | tonsils, thymus, and parathyroid glands |
| | C) | gills |
| | D) | notochord |
| | E) | cavity of the middle ear and eustachian tubes |
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57 | |
All living organisms are similar in using __________. |
| | A) | DNA(or RNA) and ATP |
| | B) | the same chromosome numbers |
| | C) | the exact same nucleotide sequences |
| | D) | the same gene pool |
| | E) | the same alleles |
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58 | |
Humans and chimpanzees have a ______ difference in DNA base sequences. |
| | A) | 12% |
| | B) | 8.5% |
| | C) | 2.5% |
| | D) | 1.0% |
| | E) | 50% |
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59 | |
Modern evolutionists emphasize that individuals are members of a population. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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60 | |
The members of a population reproduce with one another to produce the next ______. |
| | A) | species |
| | B) | gene pool |
| | C) | alleles |
| | D) | generation |
| | E) | equilibrium |
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61 | |
The Hardy-Weinberg law states that, as long as certain conditions are met, allele frequencies in a sexually reproducing population come to an equilibrium that is maintained generation after generation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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62 | |
The condition(s) that need to be met for the Hardy-Weinberg Law to be plausible include ________. |
| | A) | no mutations |
| | B) | random mating |
| | C) | no genetic drift |
| | D) | no gene flow |
| | E) | no natural selection |
| | F) | all of the above |
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63 | |
In real life, the Hardy-Weinberg Law _______. |
| | A) | holds in all cases |
| | B) | holds unless humans interfere with naturally breeding populations |
| | C) | does NOT hold because the conditions are rarely if ever met |
| | D) | does NOT hold because dominance causes an allele to become more common |
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64 | |
______ has occurred when there is a change in gene pool frequencies. |
| | A) | Speciation |
| | B) | Random mating |
| | C) | Mutation |
| | D) | Macroevolution |
| | E) | Microevolution |
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65 | |
______ provides new alleles and therefore underlies all other mechanisms that produce variation. |
| | A) | Speciation |
| | B) | Random mating |
| | C) | Mutation |
| | D) | Macroevolution |
| | E) | Microevolution |
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66 | |
Genetic drift is the movement of alleles between populations by, for example, the migration of breeding individuals. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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67 | |
Genetic drift refers to changes in allele frequencies of a gene pool due to chance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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68 | |
When a population is large, there is a greater chance that some rare genotype will NOT participate at all in the production of the next generation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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69 | |
In nature, ______ lead(s) to small populations in which genetic drift drastically affects gene pool frequencies. |
| | A) | founder effect |
| | B) | bottleneck effect |
| | C) | both 1 and 2 |
| | D) | no situation |
| | E) | all situations |
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70 | |
Darwin concluded that species ______ with time. |
| | A) | mutate |
| | B) | acquired characteristics |
| | C) | stabilize |
| | D) | go extinct |
| | E) | evolve |
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71 | |
Darwin's theory of natural selection was teleological. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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72 | |
The critical element(s) of Darwin's theory of natural selection is/are ____________. |
| | A) | variations |
| | B) | struggle for existence |
| | C) | survival of the fittest |
| | D) | adaptation |
| | E) | all of the above |
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73 | |
Natural selection is the process by which populations become ______ to their environment. |
| | A) | adapted |
| | B) | stabilized |
| | C) | limited |
| | D) | equilibrated |
| | E) | isolated |
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74 | |
Gene flow between two populations keeps their gene pools similar. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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75 | |
Nonrandom mating occurs when individuals pair up, NOT by chance, but according to their _________. |
| | A) | DNA sequences |
| | B) | genotypes or phenotypes |
| | C) | sexual preferences |
| | D) | fitness |
| | E) | evolution |
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76 | |
In humans, inbreeding increases the frequency of recessive abnormalities. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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77 | |
Types of natural selection are _________. |
| | A) | stabilizing selection |
| | B) | disruptive selection |
| | C) | directional selection |
| | D) | all of the above |
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78 | |
Selective agents for insects and bacteria are __________. |
| | A) | pesticides and antibiotics |
| | B) | humans |
| | C) | plants and animals |
| | D) | entomologists and microbiologists |
| | E) | genetic drift and gene flow |
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79 | |
The modern horse Equus evolved from ________. |
| | A) | Seymouria |
| | B) | Hyracotherium |
| | C) | Eusteopteron |
| | D) | Archeopteryx |
| | E) | the giraffe |
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80 | |
Sickle-cell disease tends to be more common in _______. |
| | A) | Canada |
| | B) | Africa |
| | C) | Japan |
| | D) | United States |
| | E) | Europe |
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81 | |
______ is defined as a group of interbreeding subpopulations that share a gene pool and that are isolated reproductively from other species. |
| | A) | Populations |
| | B) | Communities |
| | C) | Superorganisms |
| | D) | Species |
| | E) | Subspecies |
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82 | |
Allopatric speciation involves ___________. |
| | A) | geographic isolation |
| | B) | reproductive isolation |
| | C) | both 1 and 2 |
| | D) | disruptive selection |
| | E) | sustained gene flow |
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83 | |
If a lion and a tiger mate but the offspring is sterile, this is an example of _________. |
| | A) | geographic isolation |
| | B) | premating reproductive isolation |
| | C) | postmating reproductive isolation |
| | D) | disruptive selection |
| | E) | sustained gene flow |
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84 | |
The case of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands is an example of _________. |
| | A) | adaptive radiation |
| | B) | evolution of acquired characteristics |
| | C) | mutation |
| | D) | random mating |
| | E) | sustained gene flow |
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85 | |
Two major hypotheses about the pace of speciation are _________. |
| | A) | adaptive radiation and evolution of acquired characteristics |
| | B) | allopatric and sympatric speciation |
| | C) | sustained and random gene flow |
| | D) | phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium |
| | E) | disruptive and stabilizing selection |
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86 | |
In the case of the name for humans, Homo sapiens, _________. |
| | A) | sapiens is the species name |
| | B) | only the specific epithet is in italics |
| | C) | the genus name is lower case and capitalized only at the beginning of sentences |
| | D) | a species is designated by use of the full two-part name |
| | E) | all of the above are correct |
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87 | |
Which provides the correct order of taxonomic categories from largest to smallest? |
| | A) | kingdom-phylum/division-class-order-genus-family-species |
| | B) | kingdom-phylum/division-order-class-genus-family-species |
| | C) | kingdom-phylum/division-class-order-genus-family-species |
| | D) | kingdom-phylum/division-class-order-family-genus-species |
| | E) | kingdom-phylum/division-order-class-family-genus-species |
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88 | |
Systematics is part of a the broader field of taxonomy. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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89 | |
According to cladists, reptiles and birds would be two separate classes of vertebrates. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|