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1 | |
_________ is the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and with the physical environment. |
| | A) | Anthropology |
| | B) | Ethology |
| | C) | Environmentalism |
| | D) | Ecology |
| | E) | Ecosytemology |
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2 | |
A/An _________ is defined as all the organisms within an area belonging to the same species. |
| | A) | ecosystem |
| | B) | biosphere |
| | C) | biome |
| | D) | population |
| | E) | community |
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3 | |
A/An _________ is the thin layer at the surface of the earth where life is possible. |
| | A) | ecosystem |
| | B) | biosphere |
| | C) | biome |
| | D) | population |
| | E) | community |
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4 | |
A/An _________ consists of all the various populations interacting at a locale. |
| | A) | ecosystem |
| | B) | biosphere |
| | C) | biome |
| | D) | superpopulation |
| | E) | community |
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5 | |
An ecosystem possesses _________. |
| | A) | humans and the animal life we study |
| | B) | both living and non-living components |
| | C) | all of the animal and plant life on earth |
| | D) | just the physical features, such as temperature and moisture, that affect life |
| | E) | a mathematical model of all plant and animal life |
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6 | |
The _________ is the number of individuals per unit area or volume. |
| | A) | spatial distribution |
| | B) | population distribution |
| | C) | population density |
| | D) | biotic factors |
| | E) | population diversity |
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7 | |
The _________ is the pattern of dispersal of individuals within the area of interest. |
| | A) | diversity index |
| | B) | population distribution |
| | C) | population density |
| | D) | biotic factors |
| | E) | population diversity |
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8 | |
Human beings show a _________ population distribution. |
| | A) | spatial |
| | B) | uniform |
| | C) | clumped |
| | D) | random |
| | E) | erratic |
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9 | |
The growth rate of a population is determined by considering the difference between the number of persons born and the number of persons who die per year. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | |
At the time that a population growth curve begins to rise dramatically, that population is demonstrating its ______ potential. |
| | A) | exponential |
| | B) | biotic |
| | C) | additive |
| | D) | carrying |
| | E) | zero |
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11 | |
Biotic potential is the maximum growth rate possible under ideal conditions. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | |
Whether the biotic potential is high or low depends upon ____________. |
| | A) | how often each individual reproduces |
| | B) | the age at which reproduction begins |
| | C) | the usual number of offspring per reproduction |
| | D) | the chances of survival until age of reproduction |
| | E) | all of the above |
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13 | |
When a pest arrives in a new field, the population is small and initial population growth is slow in the _________. |
| | A) | lag phase |
| | B) | exponential growth phase |
| | C) | deceleration phase |
| | D) | stable equilibrium phase |
| | E) | all of the above |
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14 | |
A population accelerates in growth until environmental resistance causes it to level off in the _________. |
| | A) | lag phase |
| | B) | exponential growth phase |
| | C) | deceleration phase |
| | D) | stable equilibrium phase |
| | E) | all of the above |
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15 | |
Exponential growth cannot continue for long because of _________, all those environmental conditions such as limited food, etc. |
| | A) | logistic growth |
| | B) | deceleration |
| | C) | biotic potential |
| | D) | environmental resistance |
| | E) | the lag phase |
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16 | |
The exponential growth curve (for many pest species) is J-shaped. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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17 | |
Logistic growth results in a/an ______-shaped growth curve. |
| | A) | bell |
| | B) | J |
| | C) | flat |
| | D) | U |
| | E) | S |
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18 | |
The slope of the growth curve begins to decline when ___________ sets in. |
| | A) | biotic potential |
| | B) | environmental resistance |
| | C) | carrying capacity |
| | D) | none of the above |
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19 | |
The ___________ is the maximum population that the environment can normally support for an indefinite period. |
| | A) | biotic potential |
| | B) | inflection point |
| | C) | carrying capacity |
| | D) | exponential rate |
| | E) | zero growth |
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20 | |
A group of individuals born at the same time is called a _________. |
| | A) | survivor |
| | B) | biotic potential |
| | C) | population |
| | D) | cohort |
| | E) | community |
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21 | |
Songbirds that die off at a steady rate throughout their lifetime have _________ survivorship curve. |
| | A) | a Type I |
| | B) | a Type II |
| | C) | a Type III |
| | D) | a Type IV |
| | E) | no |
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22 | |
Humans have _________ survivorship curve. |
| | A) | a Type I |
| | B) | a Type II |
| | C) | a Type III |
| | D) | a Type IV |
| | E) | no |
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23 | |
A _________ survivorship curve reflects a population where most individuals survive well past the midpoint and death does not come until near the end of the life span. |
| | A) | Type I |
| | B) | Type II |
| | C) | Type III |
| | D) | Type IV |
| | E) | Type V |
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24 | |
When reindeer were introduced to St. Paul Island, _________. |
| | A) | the reindeer population grew to a level permitted by the maximum amount of forage and then leveled off in a classic S-growth curve |
| | B) | the reindeer population never stopped growing since there were no deer predators on the island |
| | C) | the deer and the vegetation cycled up and down, just as the lynx and the snowshoe hare did. |
| | D) | the deer overpopulated the island, exceeding the vegetation limits, and then starved off |
| | E) | the deer population remained at about the level introduced |
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25 | |
The main difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors is _________. |
| | A) | whether the effect of the factor changes when the population of organisms increases |
| | B) | whether the organisms are plants or animals |
| | C) | a difference in weather versus natural disasters |
| | D) | random or determined by causes |
| | E) | whether the factors are physical or biological |
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26 | |
Fire would be an example of a density-dependent factor. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | |
An organism that is r-selected will _________. |
| | A) | have a short life span |
| | B) | be small in size |
| | C) | mature early |
| | D) | give little care to young |
| | E) | all of the above |
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28 | |
An organism that is K-selected will _________. |
| | A) | have a long life span |
| | B) | be small in size |
| | C) | mature early |
| | D) | give little care to young |
| | E) | produce many young |
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29 | |
Which of the following is a good example of an r-selected organism? |
| | A) | Florida panther |
| | B) | humans |
| | C) | Colorado potato beetle |
| | D) | songbirds |
| | E) | cats |
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30 | |
The human growth curve is ______ -shaped. |
| | A) | bell |
| | B) | J |
| | C) | flat |
| | D) | U |
| | E) | S |
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31 | |
The ______ time is the length of time it takes for a population size to double. |
| | A) | additive |
| | B) | exponential |
| | C) | leveling off |
| | D) | doubling |
| | E) | survivorship |
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32 | |
If the present rate of world growth continues, the world population will double in ______ years. |
| | A) | 10 |
| | B) | 16 |
| | C) | 47 |
| | D) | 86 |
| | E) | 152 |
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33 | |
It is apparent from the position of 1997 on the growth curve that growth is quite slow now. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | |
After 1800, the world population growth rate steadily decreased. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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35 | |
If the world population doubles, we will need double the amount of _________. |
| | A) | food and water |
| | B) | jobs |
| | C) | energy |
| | D) | all of the above |
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36 | |
If the growth rate continues to decline, eventually there will be ______ population growth when births equal deaths. |
| | A) | zero |
| | B) | single-digit |
| | C) | exponential |
| | D) | additive |
| | E) | negative |
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37 | |
More-developed countries (MDCs) ________. |
| | A) | have rapidly expanding populations to produce and consume products |
| | B) | have low population growth and enjoy a good standard of living |
| | C) | are very poor and are working to expand production of goods and people |
| | D) | have low populations and low consumption levels |
| | E) | all of the above |
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38 | |
The term "third world countries" referred mainly to countries in __________. |
| | A) | Europe |
| | B) | North America |
| | C) | Russia and the former U.S.S.R. |
| | D) | Latin America, Africa and the poorer countries of Asia |
| | E) | anything beyond the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R./Russia |
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39 | |
The countries of Europe, North America, Australia, Japan and New Zealand are among the nations to be known as the more ______ countries (MDCs). |
| | A) | diverse |
| | B) | dry |
| | C) | demographic |
| | D) | developed |
| | E) | democratic |
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40 | |
When a country modernizes and sees a decrease in death rate followed by a decrease in birth rate, this is called _________. |
| | A) | unlimited economic growth |
| | B) | r-selection |
| | C) | MDC growth effect |
| | D) | demographic transition |
| | E) | zero population effect |
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41 | |
The doubling of populations in the MDCs between 1850 and 1950 was largely due to a decline in the death rate, the result of ________. |
| | A) | modern medicine |
| | B) | birth control |
| | C) | more food |
| | D) | biotic potential |
| | E) | inflection point |
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42 | |
It has been projected that, by the year 2050, the United States population will have reached ______. |
| | A) | almost 200 million people |
| | B) | almost 275 million people |
| | C) | almost 300 million people |
| | D) | almost 375 million people |
| | E) | over 500 million people due to immigration |
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43 | |
The U.S. racial/ethnic mix will become less diverse in the near future. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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44 | |
Due to _____________, the Hispanic and Asian-American populations in the U.S. expected to grow fairly rapidly. |
| | A) | immigration and per capita increase |
| | B) | negative growth of Caucasians |
| | C) | emigration of Caucasians |
| | D) | increased ineffectiveness of future birth control methods |
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45 | |
By 2050, one in 10 Americans will be of ______ descent. |
| | A) | Asian |
| | B) | African-American |
| | C) | Hispanic |
| | D) | Canadian |
| | E) | Mexican |
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46 | |
The large number of babies born between 1947 and 1964 is called the baby boom generation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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47 | |
After 2010, the elderly population is projected to _______. |
| | A) | decline sharply |
| | B) | grow slowly |
| | C) | grow rapidly |
| | D) | level off |
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48 | |
The projections made on the 1990 census by the Census Bureau regarding U.S. population growth concluded _________. |
| | A) | the U.S. population would level off by 2000 but the percentages of various racial categories would change |
| | B) | immigration would decrease to zero |
| | C) | there would be over 380 million people by 2050 |
| | D) | there would be gradual phasing out of poverty classes |
| | E) | all of the above |
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49 | |
The condition where each couple has two children is called ______ reproduction. |
| | A) | replacement |
| | B) | random |
| | C) | carrying capacity |
| | D) | zero |
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50 | |
If there are more young women entering the reproductive years than there are older women leaving them behind, then replacement reproduction will give a positive growth rate. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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51 | |
Most LDCs have a ______ profile. |
| | A) | stabilized |
| | B) | narrowed |
| | C) | youthful |
| | D) | S-curve |
| | E) | J-curve |
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52 | |
The longer it takes to achieve replacement reproduction, the sooner zero population growth will result. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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53 | |
A ____________ consists of the full range of energy,
nutrient and survival requirements of an organism. |
| | A) | habitat |
| | B) | population |
| | C) | community |
| | D) | ecosystem |
| | E) | niche |
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54 | |
____________ occurs when organisms rival for the same
resources such as food, living space, or mates. |
| | A) | Isolation |
| | B) | Speciation |
| | C) | Succession |
| | D) | Mutualism |
| | E) | Competition |
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55 | |
The competitive exclusion principle states that
_________. |
| | A) | two species in the same niche will eventually destroy the niche and go
extinct |
| | B) | two species in the same niche will eventually evolve to share the same
resources |
| | C) | no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time |
| | D) | exotic species are always better than native species at using
resources |
| | E) | all of the above are true |
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56 | |
A tropical rain forest is able to support a diversity
of monkey species because they ______. |
| | A) | vary in size and type of food |
| | B) | vary in group size |
| | C) | vary in range areas |
| | D) | vary in height above ground |
| | E) | all of the above |
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57 | |
The two species of barnacles, Balanus and
Chthamalus, live in intertidal zone and distribute free-swimming larvae over all exposed
rocks. As a consequence __________. |
| | A) | they have evolved to co-exist in the same niche |
| | B) | either Balanus or Chthamalus must eventually become
locally extinct |
| | C) | one is a predator of the other |
| | D) | Balanus is faster growing and crowds out Chthamalus
in lower tidal zone while Chthamalus endures the drier conditions in upper tidal
zone |
| | E) | there is no way to determine which will survive since it is a random
field event |
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58 | |
Which is/are a case(s) of competitive
exclusion? |
| | A) | Carp imported into United States have reduced the native species of
bottom-dwelling fish. |
| | B) | The ornamental tree Melaleuca introduced to Florida is a
pest in Everglades and has reduced native plant populations. |
| | C) | The burro, originally from Ethiopia and Somalia, is a threat to survival
of native deer, pronghorn antelope and desert bighorn sheep in Grand Canyon. |
| | D) | Current concerns that genetically-engineered organisms might outcompete
native species. |
| | E) | All of the above are cases of competitive exclusion from highly
successful competitors. |
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59 | |
_________ occurs when one organism feeds upon
another. |
| | A) | Predation |
| | B) | Speciation |
| | C) | Succession |
| | D) | Mutualism |
| | E) | Competition |
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60 | |
When Didinia and Paramecia are in
same test tube, Didinia engulf all the Paramecia and then die of starvation.
Paramecia are the _______. |
| | A) | predators |
| | B) | competitors |
| | C) | native species |
| | D) | prey |
| | E) | mutualists |
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61 | |
Records of fur pelts show lynx populations and
snowshoe hare populations __________. |
| | A) | remain constant with more lynx than hares |
| | B) | remain constant with more hares than lynx |
| | C) | fluctuate with hares going up when lynx go down and the
reverse |
| | D) | fluctuate with lynx populations lower but closely following hare
population trends |
| | E) | fluctuate randomly with weather |
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62 | |
In its broadest sense, predaceous consumers include
___________. |
| | A) | parasitic ticks |
| | B) | blue whales that filter krill from ocean waters |
| | C) | herbaceous deer that graze on tree leaves |
| | D) | caterpillars that feed on grasses |
| | E) | all of the above |
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63 | |
Concealment, fright, and warning coloration are
examples of _________. |
| | A) | mimicry |
| | B) | exotic modifications |
| | C) | predation strategies |
| | D) | antipredator defenses |
| | E) | strategies for competitive exclusion |
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64 | |
__________occurs when one species resembles another
that possess an antipredator defense. |
| | A) | Predation |
| | B) | Speciation |
| | C) | Succession |
| | D) | Mutualism |
| | E) | Mimicry |
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65 | |
A harmless syrphid fly resembles coloration of wasp;
predators stung by wasps avoid this fly. This is an example of _______ mimicry. |
| | A) | camouflage |
| | B) | Batesian |
| | C) | Mullerian |
| | D) | Darwinian |
| | E) | no |
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66 | |
When many black-and-yellow insects (bees, wasps,
hornets), all with antipredator defenses, share the same defense and warning coloration, it is an
example of _______ mimicry. |
| | A) | camouflage |
| | B) | Batesian |
| | C) | Mullerian |
| | D) | Darwinian |
| | E) | no |
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67 | |
Generally, the introduction of exotic
species increases diversity and leads to better habitat. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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68 | |
__________ is a close association between two species
where at least one species is dependent upon the other. |
| | A) | Predation |
| | B) | Speciation |
| | C) | Succession |
| | D) | Symbiosis |
| | E) | Mimicry |
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69 | |
In __________, two species become closely adapted and
the evolutionary fate of one may be dependent upon fate of the other. (P. 708) |
| | A) | mimicry |
| | B) | succession |
| | C) | speciation |
| | D) | competition |
| | E) | coevolution |
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70 | |
Ticks, fleas, leeches, and disease organisms are
examples of _____________. |
| | A) | parasites |
| | B) | commensals |
| | C) | predators |
| | D) | mutualists |
| | E) | prey |
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71 | |
___________ is a symbiotic relationship where the
______ derives nourishment from the host. |
| | A) | Parasitism; parasite |
| | B) | Commensalism; commensal |
| | C) | Mimicry; mimic |
| | D) | Mutualism; mutualist |
| | E) | Evolution; mutant |
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72 | |
An example(s) of parasitism include(s)
_______. |
| | A) | disease bacteria and protists |
| | B) | the blood fluke that causes schistosomiasis |
| | C) | a deer tick that transmits Lyme disease among mice, deer, and
humans |
| | D) | the fungus that causes Dutch elm disease |
| | E) | all of the above |
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73 | |
Many parasites use a/an ___________ host to disperse
or to complete stages of development. |
| | A) | primary |
| | B) | ectoparasitic |
| | C) | endoparasitic |
| | D) | commensal |
| | E) | secondary |
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74 | |
_________ is a relationship between two species where
one is benefitted and other is neither harmed or benefitted. |
| | A) | Parasitism |
| | B) | Commensalism |
| | C) | Predation |
| | D) | Mutualism |
| | E) | Mimicry |
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75 | |
A/An example of organisms in a commensalism
relationship is/are _______. |
| | A) | sharks and remoras |
| | B) | clownfishes and sea anemones |
| | C) | cattle egrets and cattle |
| | D) | all of the above |
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76 | |
_________ is a symbiotic relationship in which both
members of the association benefit. |
| | A) | Parasitism |
| | B) | Commensalism |
| | C) | Predation |
| | D) | Mutualism |
| | E) | Mimicry |
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77 | |
An example(s) of mutualism include(s)
_______. |
| | A) | bullhorn acacia tree that provides home for the ant Pseudomyrmex
ferruginea |
| | B) | small fish clean parasites from the mouths of large fish |
| | C) | bacteria in protozoa in termite gut allow digestion of
cellulose |
| | D) | insect pollinators and flowers |
| | E) | all of the above |
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78 | |
Which of the following is NOT true about the
ant--acacia tree mutualism? |
| | A) | the tree provides home for the ant Pseudomyrmex
ferruginea |
| | B) | ants feed from nectaries at base of leaves |
| | C) | acacia provides ants with fat and protein-laden nodules called Beltian
bodies at leaf tips |
| | D) | ants feed on the leaves and roots of the acacia tree |
| | E) | ants protect the plant from herbivores that might eat acacia and also
clear away seedlings around acacia and prevent it from being "shaded out" |
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79 | |
___________ is a sequential change in species within
a community. |
| | A) | Symbiosis |
| | B) | Succession |
| | C) | Diversity |
| | D) | Biogeography |
| | E) | A climax community |
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80 | |
Primary succession begins with bare rock
and takes a very long time. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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81 | |
___________ begins in abandoned field with soil
layers already in place. |
| | A) | A climax community |
| | B) | Biogeography |
| | C) | Symbiosis |
| | D) | Primary succession |
| | E) | Secondary succession |
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82 | |
Pioneer species such as __________ begin
to build up soil in primary succession. |
| | A) | pine trees |
| | B) | shrubs |
| | C) | grasses |
| | D) | old deciduous forests |
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83 | |
"A wet climate and moderate temperatures always lead
to a temperate deciduous forest" is an example of the _________. |
| | A) | climax-pattern model |
| | B) | facilitation model |
| | C) | inhibition model |
| | D) | tolerance model |
| | E) | niche-limitation model |
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84 | |
"Chance determines which plant seeds arrive in one
locale, and trees take longer to develop than do annual grasses." This explanation of succession
would be given by the _______. |
| | A) | climax-pattern model |
| | B) | facilitation model |
| | C) | inhibition model |
| | D) | tolerance model |
| | E) | niche-limitation model |
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85 | |
"The growth of grasses build up the soil to a depth
where shrubs and trees can survive." This explanation of succession would be given by the
_______. |
| | A) | climax-pattern model |
| | B) | facilitation model |
| | C) | inhibition model |
| | D) | tolerance model |
| | E) | niche-limitation model |
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86 | |
"Each plant stage holds onto their space until they
are damaged." This explanation of succession would be given by the ____________ . |
| | A) | climax-pattern model |
| | B) | facilitation model |
| | C) | inhibition model |
| | D) | tolerance model |
| | E) | niche-limitation model |
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87 | |
The ___________ states that a moderate amount of
disturbance is required for a high degree of community diversity. |
| | A) | maximum disturbance theory |
| | B) | keystone hypothesis |
| | C) | theory of succession |
| | D) | theory of island biogeography |
| | E) | intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
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88 | |
According to the theory of island
biogeography, _____________. |
| | A) | an island population is a balance between immigration and
extinction |
| | B) | smaller populations are more likely to become extinct following
disturbance |
| | C) | mainland communities become"islands" amidst farms, towns, cities,
etc. |
| | D) | the smaller the "island," the higher the risk of extinction, and human
activity is making many natural communities smaller. |
| | E) | all of the above |
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89 | |
When the sea star Pisaster keeps the
mussel Mytilus from outcompeting with other mussels and removal of Pisaster causes
explosion in Mytilus populations, we consider Pisaster to be a __________
species. |
| | A) | supercompetitive |
| | B) | habitat excluding |
| | C) | resource partitioning |
| | D) | predatory |
| | E) | keystone |
|