| acceptance | the expression of a willingness to receive and respond to a message.
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| accommodator | in a conflict, the person who gives in to the demands of another so that they are able to coexist in peace.
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| achieved leader | a person who displays effective leadership behavior without being appointed or directed to do so.
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| acquaintanceship | a person known by name but with whom interaction is usually limited in scope and quality.
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| affect blend | the facial movements that accompany the communicating of multiple emotions.
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| affection need | the need to express and receive love; the need to experience emotionally close relationships.
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| aggressiveness | the expression of one's own thoughts and feelings at another's expense.
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| aggressive stimulation theory | the contention that the watching of violence stimulates aggression in the viewer.
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| allness | the erroneous assumption that a given person can know all there is to know about a particular person, object, or event.
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| allocentric | exhibiting a collectivistic orientation.
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| analogic message | the continuous stream of nonverbal cues.
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| appraisal interview | an interview with the goal of performance evaluation.
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| argumentum ad hominem | the use of name-calling in an argument.
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| argumentum ad populum | a bandwagon appeal; an appeal to popular opinion.
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| argumentum ad verecudiam | an appeal to authority.
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| artifactual communication | the use of personal adornments such as clothing, jewelry, makeup, hairstyles, and beards.
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| assertiveness | the honest, clear, and direct communication of one's thoughts and feelings while displaying respect for the thoughts and feelings of others.
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| attitude | a predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward a person or subject.
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| audience adaptation | the process of adjusting one's speech to a particular audience.
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| audience analysis | the gathering of information about an audience that is relevant to the speech topic.
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| autistic society | a society whose members are at home with computers but disadvantaged when it comes to establishing human intimacy; the opposite of a high-tech-high-touch society.
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| autocratic, or authoritian, leader | a directive leader; a leader who dominates group decision making.
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| avoider | in a conflict, one who uses the unproductive conflict strategy of mentally or physically fleeing the conflict situation.
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| avoiding | the relationship stage that finds interactants seeking not to have contact with each other.
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| avoidive listening | the practice of not listening to information that one would rather not deal with.
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| balance | a state of psychological comfort in which one's actions, feelings, and beliefs are related to each other as one would like them to be.
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| bar graph | a graph used to show the performance of one variable over time or to contrast various measures at a point in time.
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| behavioral interview | a hiring interview in which an employer seeks specific examples from prospects of times when specifically desired skills were exhibited.
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| belief | confidence in the truth of something.
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| blind area | the pane of the Johari window representing the part of the self known to others but not known to one self.
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| blindering | the process by which one unconsciously adds restrictions that limit one's perceptual capabilities.
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| body | the main segment of a speech.
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| bonding | the commitment stage of a relationship, which involves the formal recognition of the relationship.
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| Boolean search | key word search.
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| brainstorming | a technique designed to generateideas.
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| breadth | the number of topics you discuss with another person.
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| bridges | persons in groups who have intragroup contacts and who also communicate with one or more persons in another group or clique.
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| bypassing | the pattern of miscommunication that occurs when individuals think they understand each other but actually miss each other's meaning.
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| case interview | a hiring interview in which the employer presents the interviewee with a business case to solve.
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| catalytic theory | the contention that while the media may play a role in real-life violence, they will trigger it only if a viewer is predisposed to violence or particularly vulnerable.
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| catharsis theory | the contention that the viewing of violence makes one less apt to exhibit violence.
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| causal reasoning | speculation about the reasons for and effects of occurrences.
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| cause-and-effect order | an organizational format that categorizes a topic according to its causes and effects.
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| channel | a medium through which a message is sent.
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| chronemics | the study of time use.
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| chronological order | an organizational format that develops an idea using a time order.
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| circumscribing | the relationship stage that finds both the quality and quantity of communication between the parties decreasing.
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| civil inattention | the avoidance of sustained eye contact with strangers; the polite ignoring of others so as not to infringe on their privacy.
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| clique | a group of individuals who have a majority of their contacts with each other.
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| closed questions | highly structured questions that can be answered with a simple yes or no or in a few brief words.
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| closure | the means we use to perceive a complete world.
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| co-culture | a subculture composed of members of the same general culture who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture; a group of people who have a culture of their own outside the dominant culture.
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| code words | words that are discriminatory.
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| cohesiveness | the property of togetherness; a measure of the extent to which group members stick and work together.
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| collectivistic culture | a culture in which group goals are stressed.
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| communication | the deliberate or accidental transfer of meaning; that which occurs when someone observes or experiences behavior and attributes meaning to it.
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| communication apprehension | fear of communicating.
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| communication network | the pathway for messages; an organization structure through which messages are sent and received.
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| comparison level | a measure of the rewards and profits individuals expect to gain from a relationship.
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| comparison level for alternatives | a comparison of the rewards attained from a present relationship with those expected to be derived from an alternative relationship.
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| competitive forcer | in a conflict, a participant who exhibits a win-lose attitude.
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| competitive goal structure | a goal structure in which members work to hinder one another's efforts to obtain a goal.
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| competitive listening | the practice of manufacturing information to fill listening gaps.
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| competitive set | a readiness to perceive a conflict in all-or-nothing terms; the belief that to win, one must defeat others.
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| complementarity | the attraction principle stating that opposites attract.
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| complementary interaction | communication in which interactants engage in opposite behavior.
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| complementary relationship | a relation based on differences.
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| compromiser | in a conflict, a participant who seeks a middle ground.
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| computer graphics | computer-generated visual aids.
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| conclusion | the final segment of a speech.
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| configural formats | organizational patterns that are indirect and inexplicit.
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| confirmation | communication in which one acknowledges the presence of another and indicates acceptance of the other's self-concept.
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| conflict | perceived disagreement about views, interests, and goals.
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| conflict grid | a model portraying the styles individuals use to resolve conflicts.
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| connotative meaning | subjective meaning; one's personal meaning for a word.
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| consistency | the desire to maintain balance in our lives by behaving according to commitments already formed.
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| contact culture | a culture whose members relish the intimacy of contact when interacting.
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| content conflict | the type of conflict that arises when people disagree over matters of fact.
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| content level | the information or data level of communication.
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| context | the setting of communication.
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| control need | the need to feel we are capable and responsible, and are able to exert power and influence over our relationships.
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| cooperative goal structure | a goal structure in which the members of a group work together to achieve their objectives.
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| cooperative set | a readiness to perceive a conflict situation in such a way that a means to share the rewards can be discovered.
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| cost-benefit/social exchange theory | the theory stating that we work to maintain a relationship only as long as the benefits we perceive for ourselves outweigh the costs.
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| counseling interview | an interview designed to provide guidance and support for the interviewee.
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| credibility | the receiver's assessment of the competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism of a speaker.
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| critical thinking | the careful and deliberate process of message evaluation.
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| culturally confused | lacking an understanding of cultural difference.
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| cultural nearsightedness | the failure to understand that we do not all attribute the same meanings to similar behavioral cues.
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| cultural pluralism | the adherence to the principle of cultural relativity.
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| cultural relativism | the acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one's own.
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| culture | a system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired, shared, and used by members during daily living.
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| cyberbole | exaggerated claims about the effects new technologies have on society.
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| cyberspace | the digital world of computers and online communication.
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| decision by consensus | a group decision reached and supported by all members of the group.
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| deduction | reasoning that moves from the general to the specific.
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| deep-muscle relaxation | a means of overcoming the physical symptoms of speech anxiety.
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| defensive behavior | behavior that occurs when one perceives a threat.
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| defensive listening | the practice of perceiving remarks made by another as a personal attack.
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| definition | the explanation of what a stimulus is or what a word or concept means.
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| democratic leader | one whose leadership style represents a reasonable compromise between the authoritarian and laissez-faire styles.
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| demographics | the social categories into which people can be grouped, including age, gender, family orientation, religion, cultural background, occupation, socioeconomic status, educational level, and membership in special organizations.
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| denotative meaning | dictionary meaning; the objective or descriptive meaning of a word.
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| depth | a measure of how central the topics you discuss with another person are to your self-concept.
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| derived credibility | a measure of a speaker's credibility during a speech-making event.
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| DESC script | a system for expressing one's feelings and for understanding the feelings of another (DESC stands for describe, express, specify, and consequences).
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| designated leader | a person given the authority by an outside force to act as leader.
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| dialectical tensions | tensions that occur when relationship goals conflict; relationship differences that usually revolve around differences in the desires for connection and autonomy, predictability and novelty, and openness and privacy.
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| dialogic listening | listening that focuses on what happens between people as they respond to each other, work toward shared understanding, and build a relationship.
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| differentiating | the relationship stage in which two people reestablish their individuality.
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| digital message | the word level of communication.
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| disclaimer | a statement preface that weakens the message.
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| disconfirmation | communication that indicates one's lack of interest in another person; a failure to acknowledge the contributions of another person.
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| disqualification | communication that invalidates a message sent.
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| distance relating | the use of e-mail, chat rooms, instant messages, and the Internet to facilitate relationships.
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| dominant culture | the culture in power; the mainstream culture.
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| effect | the emotional, physical, and/or cognitive outcome of communication.
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| ego conflict | the type of conflict that arises when individuals connect winning or losing and self-worth.
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| e-mail | electronic mail.
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| emblems | nonverbal cues that directly translate words or phrases.
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| emoticons | symbols that replace nonverbal cues during machine-assisted communication.
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| emotion | the feeling one experiences in reaction to a person or situation.
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| emotional appeals | appeals designed to evoke various feelings in receivers.
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| emotional contagion | the catching of a mood from another person.
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| emotional intelligence | the ability to motivate oneself, to control impulses, to recognize and regulate one's moods, to empathize, and to hope.
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| emotional isolationist | a person who seeks to avoid situations that may require the exchange of feelings.
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| emotion state | a particular emotional process of limited duration and varying intensity.
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| emotion trait | a tendency to experience a specific emotion when interacting.
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| emotive language | words that reveal feelings.
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| empathic listening | listening to help others.
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| empathy | the ability to feel another's feelings.
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| essentials of communication | those components present during every interpersonal, small-group, public, and mass communication event.
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| ethnocentrism | the tendency to see one's own culture as superior to all others.
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| euphemism | the substitution of a pleasant term in place of a less pleasant one.
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| evaluative feedback | a response that is judgmental, that is, positive or negative in nature.
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| evasive language | words that disguise feelings.
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| examples | representative cases.
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| exit interview | an interview conducted when a person leaves an organization.
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| experimenting | the relationship stage that involves the exchange of small talk.
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| expert power | power dependent on a person's knowledge.
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| extemporaneous speech | a speech that is researched, outlined, and delivered after a rehearsal period.
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| extensional orientation | focusing on the world of experience; the refusal to be blinded by a label.
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| external feedback | a communicative response from another.
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| facial management techniques | the techniques used to attempt to conceal facial behavior, including emotion intensification, deintensification, neutralization, and/or masking.
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| fact | that which is known to be true on the basis of observation.
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| false division | the polarization of options when, in fact, many options exist.
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| feedback | verbal and nonverbal cues sent out in response to another person's communication; information returned to a message source.
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| figure-ground principle | a strategy that facilitates the organization of stimuli by enabling us to focus on different stimuli alternately.
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| first impression | the making of an initial judgment.
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| fixed-feature space | space that contains relatively permanent objects.
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| flame | an insult delivered online.
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| flame war | a conflict that occurs in cyberspace.
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| formative feedback | a timed negative response, usually provided right before an activity is to be performed again.
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| fraudulent listening | pseudolistening.
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| friendly relations | the friendship stage involving small talk.
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| friendship | relationship that exists when persons seek each other out and exhibit a strong mutual regard for each other.
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| functional theory | a leadership theory suggesting that several members of a group should be ready to lead because various actions are needed to achieve group goals.
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| galatea effect | the principle that we fulfill our own
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| expectations. | gatekeeping
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| the filtering of messages from source to | receiver.
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| geekspeak | online talk that disparages human beings and treats them like machines.
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| gender-lect | Deborah Tannen's term for language differences attributed to gender.
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| graph | a pictorial device used to present quantitative relationships.
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| group | individuals who interact verbally and nonverbally, occupy certain roles with respect to one another, and cooperate to accomplish a goal.
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| group climate | the emotional atmosphere of a group.
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| group communication | communication with a limited number of other persons during which information is shared, ideas developed, decisions made, and/or problems solved.
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| group conflict | conflict that occurs when a group member's thoughts or acts limit, prevent, or interfere with another group member's thoughts or acts.
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| group goals | a group's motivation for existing.
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| group norms | informal rules for interaction in a group.
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| group patterns of communication | the patterns of message flow in a group.
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| group role-classification model | a model proposed by Benne and Sheats describing functions participants should and should not seek to perform in groups.
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| group structure | member positions and roles performed.
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| groupthink | an extreme means of avoiding conflict that occurs when groups let the desire for consensus override careful analysis and reasoned decision making.
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| habitual pitch | the pitch (of the voice) one uses most often.
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| haptics | the study of the use of touch.
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| hearing | the involuntary, physiological process by which we process sound.
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| hidden area | the pane of the Johari window representing the part of the self that contains information about the self known to oneself, but hidden from or unknown to others.
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| high-context communication culture | a tradition-bound communication system that depends on indirectness; a culture whose members place less reliance on explicit verbal messages and more emphasis on the preservation of harmony.
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| high-intensity conflict | a conflict in which one party seeks to destroy or hurt the other party.
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| high power distance culture | a culture based on power differences in which subordinates are quick to defer to superiors.
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| high-tech-high-touch society | a technologically oriented society whose members value personal contact; the opposite of an autistic society.
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| hiring interview | an interview conducted for the purpose of filling an employment position.
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| home page | the opening page of a Web site, which details the structure and ordering of information in the site.
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| idiocentric | exhibiting an individualistic orientation.
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| illustration | a story: a narrative picture.
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| "I" message | a message that conveys feelings about the nature of a situation without passing judgment on the actions of another.
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| impromptu speech | a speech delivered on the spur of the moment, off-the-cuff, with little or no preparation.
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| inclusion need | the need for social contact.
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| individualistic culture | a culture in which individual goals are stressed.
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| induction | reasoning that moves from specific evidence to a general conclusion.
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| inference | a conclusion that cannot be verified by observation; an assumption with varying degrees of accuracy.
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| informal space | space that is highly mobile and may be quickly changed.
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| information-gathering interview | an interview with the goal of collecting information, opinions, or data about a topic or person.
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| information overload | the situation that occurs when the amount of information provided by a speech maker is too great to be handled effectively by the listeners; the speech maker may provide more data than is necessary or use unclear language or jargon.
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| information underload | the situation that occurs when the information provided by a speech maker is already known by the listeners.
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| informative speech | a speech whose primary purpose is to impart knowledge or to teach.
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| initial credibility | a measure of how an audience perceives a speaker prior to the speech-making event.
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| initiating | the first stage in a relationship; the point at which persons first make contact.
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| integrating | the relationship stage when two persons are identified as a pair.
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| intensifying | the relationship stage during which persons become good friends.
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| intensional orientation | the preoccupation with labels.
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| intercultural communication | the process of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals from different cultures.
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| interethnic communication | the process of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals of different ethnic origins.
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| internal feedback | a response you give yourself as you monitor your own behavior.
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| internal summary | a rhetorical device designed to help listeners remember content.
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| international communication | communication between persons representing different nations.
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| interpersonal communication | communication with another; the relationship level of communication.
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| interpersonal conflict | a struggle between two or more people.
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| interpersonal relationship | a meaningful connection between two persons.
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| interracial communication | the process of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals from different races.
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| interview | the most common type of purposeful, planned, decision-making, person-to-person communication; a form of communication involving two parties, at least one of whom has a preconceived and serious purpose and both of whom speak and listen from time to time.
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| intimate distance | a distance ranging from the point of touch to 18 inches from a person.
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| intracultural communication | the process of sharing meaning with members of one's own racial or ethnic group or subculture.
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| intrapersonal communication | communication with the self; communication that involves one person.
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| intrapersonal conflict | an internal struggle.
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| introduction | the initial segment of a speech.
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| isolates | persons who do not feel well integrated into a group and have few, if any, contacts with others.
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| Johari window | a model containing four panes (the open, blind, hidden, and unknown areas) that is used to explain the roles that self-awareness and self-disclosure play in relationships.
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| kaleidoscope thinking | the taking of existing data and twisting it or looking at it from another angle.
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| killer looks | looks that discourage or inhibit the generation of ideas.
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| killer phrases | comments that stop the flow of ideas.
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| kinesics | the study of human body motion, or body language.
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| language | a unified system of symbols that permits the sharing of meaning.
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| laissez-faire leader | a nondirective leader.
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| leadership | the ability to influence others.
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| legitimate power | power by virtue of position.
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| liaisons | persons who do not belong to any one group or clique but who link persons of one group with persons in another.
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| linear logic | a step-by-step approach to developing ideas that relies on facts and data to support main points.
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| line graph | a graph used to illustrate trends, relationships, or comparisons over time.
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| linguistic determinism | the belief that language influences one's interpretation of the world.
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| linguistic prejudice | the use of prejudiced language.
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| linguistic relativity | the belief that persons who speak different languages perceive the world differently.
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| listening | the deliberate, psychological process by which we receive, understand, and retain aural (heard) stimuli.
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| listening level-energy involvement scale | a scale that describes energy expenditure during listening.
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| listserv | an e-mail list of people who share interests in and knowledge of a topic.
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| loneliness | a perceived discrepancy between desired and achieved social relationships.
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| low-contact culture | a culture whose members value privacy and maintain distance when interacting.
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| low-context communication culture | a system that encourages directness in communication; a culture in which self-expression is valued.
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| low-intensity conflict | a conflict in which the parties seek solutions beneficial to all parties involved.
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| low power distance culture | a culture that believes that power should be used only when legitimate.
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| main ideas | the main points of a speech; the subtopics of a speech.
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| maintenance roles | group roles designed to ensure the smooth running of a group.
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| manuscript speech | a speech read from a script.
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| markers | items that reserve or set the boundaries of our space.
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| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | a model that depicts motivation as a pyramid with the most basic needs at the base and the most sophisticated needs at the apex.
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| mass communication | the process of transmitting messages that may be processed by gatekeepers before being transmitted to large audiences via a channel of broad diffusion, such as a print, an audio, or a visual medium.
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| media literacy | the ability to interpret mindfully the positive and negative meanings and effects one encounters in the media.
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| medium-intensity conflict | a conflict in which the parties are committed to winning, but believe that winning is sufficient.
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| melting pot philosophy | the philosophy advocating the assimilation of different cultures into the dominant culture.
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| memorized speech | a manuscript speech that the speaker commits to memory.
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| message | the content of the communicative act.
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| microfacial or micromomentary expression | an expression lasting no more than one-eighth to one-fifth of a second that usually occurs when an individual consciously or unconsciously attempts to disguise or conceal an emotion and that reveals an actual emotional state.
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| mixed message | an incongruent message that occurs when words and actions contradict each other.
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| monopolistic listening | the practice of defending one's right to speak while denying others the right to be listened to.
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| Monroe's motivated sequence | a speech framework composed of five phases-attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action-that sequentially moves receivers toward accepting and acting on a speaker's proposition.
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| moving toward friendship | the friendship stage involving personal disclosures; the stage during which individuals move beyond serendipitous encounters.
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| multitasking clothing | clothing with built-in electronic gadgetry.
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| MYGLO | acronym for "my eyes glaze over."
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| nascent friendship | the stage during which individuals increase the regularity of their interactions and consider each other friends.
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| need for affection | the need to express and receive love; the need to experience emotionally close relationships.
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| need for control | the need to feel we are capable and responsible, and are able to exert power and influence over our relationships.
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| need for inclusion | the need for social contact.
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| negative feedback | a communicative response that extinguishes behavior in progress.
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| netiquette | the rules of the Internet.
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| noise | anything that interferes with or distorts the ability to send and receive messages.
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| nonassertion | that which occurs when one hesitates to display one's feelings and thoughts.
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| nonassertiveness | a failure to stand up for one's rights; the suppression of one's thoughts or feelings as a result of fear or shyness.
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| nonevaluative feedback | nondirective response.
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| nonfluencies | meaningless sounds or phrases that disrupt the natural flow of speech; hesitation phenomena.
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| nonverbal communication | all the kinds of human responses not expressed in words.
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| online, or machine-assisted, communication | communication via computers.
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| onlinespeak | the informal communication sytle that marks electronic communication.
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| open area | the pane of the Johari window representing the part of the self containing information known both to the self and to others.
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| open questions | questions that offer the interviewee freedom with regard to the choice and scope of an answer.
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| paralanguage | the study of the voice as a nonverbal cue; the vocal cues that accompany spoken language.
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| paraphrasing | restating in your own words what another has said.
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| perception | the process by which we make sense out of experience; the means by which we make experience our own.
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| perceptual constancy | the desire to perceive experience exactly as we have perceived it in the past.
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| perceptual set | an expectation that produces a readiness to process experience in a predetermined way.
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| personal distance | a distance ranging from 18 inches to 4 feet from a person.
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| persuasion interview | an interview with the goal of attitude and behavior influence.
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| persuasive speech | a speech whose primary purpose is to change or reinforce the attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behaviors of receivers.
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| phatic communication | communication designed to open the channels of communication.
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| pictograph | a graph that uses sketches to represent a concept.
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| pie graph | a circle with the various percentages of the whole indicated by wedges; a means of showing percentage relationships.
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| pitch | the highness or lowness of the voice.
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| positive feedback | a communicative response that enhances behavior in progress.
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| post hoc, ergo propter hoc | the identification of a false cause.
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| prejudice | a biased attitude toward a particular group of people; a prejudgment based on membership in a social category.
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| prejudiced language | sexist, ageist, or racist language; language disparaging to the members of a co-culture.
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| preview | the section of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker will be discussing.
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| primacy effect | the tendency for a first impression to exert more influence than what comes later; the ability of one's first impression to color subsequent impressions.
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| primary questions | questions used to introduce the exploration of a topic.
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| probing | a nonevaluative response that asks for more information.
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| problem-and-solution order | an organizational format that identifies the problems inherent in a situation and presents a solution to remedy them.
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| problem-solving collaborator | in a conflict, a participant who exhibits a win-win attitude.
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| proposition | a statement that summarizes the purpose of a persuasive speech.
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| proposition of fact | a persuasive speech with the goal of settling what is or is not so.
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| proposition of policy | a persuasive speech on what ought to be.
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| proposition of value | a persuasive speech that espouses the worth of an idea, person, or object.
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| prosumers | consumers who produce the material of consumption themselves.
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| proxemics | the study of space and distance.
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| pseudoconflict | a situation with only the appearance of a conflict.
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| psychographics | categories into which persons may be grouped based on their attitudes, motivations, values, and level of information and commitment with respect to a topic.
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| public communication | communication designed to inform, persuade, or entertain the members of an audience.
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| public distance | a distance from a person that is beyond 12 feet.
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| public speaking | the act of preparing, staging, and delivering a presentation to an audience.
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| purpose statement | an infinitive phrase describing the goal of a speech.
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| purr words | words with highly positive connotations.
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| Pygmalion effect | the principle that we fulfill the expectations of others.
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| qualifiers | words that lack certainty and make phrases tentative in nature.
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| quality circles | small groups of employees who meet regularly to discuss organization life and quality of their work environment; recommendations for improving products and work procedures are made during these meetings.
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| questions of fact | questions concerned with the truth or falsity of a statement.
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| questions of policy | questions that help determine what future actions, if any, should be taken.
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| questions of value | questions that involve subjective judgments of worth.
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| racist language | language that denigrates a person because of race.
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| rate | the speed at which one speaks.
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| reasoning from analogy | reasoning by comparison.
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| receiver | a person who receives, decodes, and interprets a message.
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| reciprocal turn taking | the changing of the speaking and listening roles during conversation.
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| red-flag words | words that evoke an emotional response and drop listening efficiency to zero.
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| red herring | a distraction used to lead the receiver to focus on an irrelevant issue.
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| referent power | power dependent on one's desire to identify or be like another person.
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| reflective-thinking framework | a system for decision making and problem solving that is designed to encourage critical inquiry.
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| rejection | the expression of disinterest in communication; communication that indicates one's rejection of another's self-concept.
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| relational dialectics theory | the contention that relationships oscillate between contradictory goals or desires.
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| relationship | a meaningful connection with another person.
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| relationship level | the interpretation level of communication.
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| rhetorical question | a question asked for effect and without the expectation of an answer.
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| rigid complementarity | a relationship characterized by fixed, unchanging roles.
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| role-limited interaction | the beginning of friendship; the stage during which two individuals make initial contact.
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| role reversal | a conflict resolution technique in which one acts as the person with whom one is in conflict.
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| romantic relationship | a relationship characterized by commitment, passion, intimacy, and the expectation of permanence.
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| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | the belief that the labels we use help shape the way we think, our worldview, and our behavior.
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| search engine | a computer program that allows one to look through an entire database of information quickly.
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| secondary questions | probing questions; questions used to follow up primary questions.
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| selective exposure | the selection of stimuli that reaffirm existing attitudes, beliefs, and values; the tendency to close oneself to new experiences.
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| selective listening | the practice of zeroing in on only the parts of a message of particular interest to the receiver.
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| selective perception | the means by which one interprets experience in a way that conforms to one's beliefs, expectations, and convictions; the inclination to distort one's perceptions of stimuli to make them conform to the need for internal consistency or closure.
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| self-concept | everything one thinks and feels about oneself; one's self-evaluation.
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| self-conflict | the type of conflict that occurs when one person has to choose between two or more mutually exclusive options.
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| self-directed teams | autonomous work groups in which employees are empowered to make decisions and supervise themselves.
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| self-disclosure | the process of revealing to another person information about the self that he or she would not otherwise know.
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| self-esteem | how well one likes and values oneself.
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| self-fulfilling prophecy | a prediction or expectation that comes true simply because one acts as if it were true.
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| self-image | the sort of person one perceives oneself to be.
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| self-serving roles | group roles that impede the functioning of a group by preventing members from working together effectively.
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| semifixed-feature space | the use of objects to create distance.
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| sender | a person who formulates, encodes, and transmits a message.
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| serial communication | a chain-of-command transmission.
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| sexist language | language derogatory to one sex.
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| silence | the absence of both paralinguistic and verbal cues.
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| situational theory | a theory of leadership asserting that leadership is situation-dependent.
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| snarl words | words with highly negative connotations.
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| social distance | a distance ranging from 4 feet to 12 feet from a person.
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| social penetration theory | the theory stating that our relationships begin with relatively narrow breadth and shallow depth and develop over time.
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| social proof | the determination of what is right by finding out what other people think is right.
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| spatial order | an organizational format that describes an object, person, or phenomenon as it exists in space.
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| speech apprehension | fear or anxiety associated with speaking in public.
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| speech framework | a frame, or skeleton, on which a speech is developed.
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| speech-thought differential | the difference between thinking speed and speaking rate.
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| stabilized friendship | the friendship stage that finds interactants sharing more intimate information because of the belief that the relationship is secure and will continue.
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| stagnating | the stage in a relationship that finds communication between the parties at a standstill.
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| statistics | facts expressed in numerical form.
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| stereotype | a generalization about people, places, or events that is held by many members of a society.
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| stress interview | a hiring interview that includes more than one interviewer firing questions at a single interviewee.
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| subordinate ideas | ideas that amplify the main ideas of a speech.
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| supportive feedback | a nonevaluative response that confirms the significance of a problem or situation.
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| symbol | that which represents or stands for something else.
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| symmetrical escalation | a relationship in which individuals compete for control.
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| symmetrical interaction | a relationship in which the behavior of one person mirrors the behavior of another person.
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| symmetrical relationship | a relationship based on similarity.
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| symptom as communication | the use of an excuse as a reason for not wanting to communicate.
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| systematic speaking system | a public-speaking system composed of four stages: topic selection, topic development, presentation, and postpresentation analysis.
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| tag questions | words that seek verbal confirmation; a tag lies midway between an outright statement and a yes-no question.
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| task roles | group roles designed to help the group realize its objective.
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| terminal credibility | a measure of a speaker's credibility at the end of a speech-making event.
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| termination | the end stage of a relationship.
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| territoriality | the need to demonstrate a possessive or ownership relationship to space.
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| testimony | the use of someone else's opinions or conclusions.
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| thought stopping | a means of overcoming the mental symptoms of speech anxiety.
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| time shifting | the ability to watch media offerings at a time convenient to you.
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| tolerance of vulnerability | a measure of the degree of trust you place in another person.
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| topical order | an organizational format that clusters material by dividing it into a series of appropriate topics.
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| toxic communication | the consistent use of verbal abuse and/or physical or sexual aggression or violence.
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| trait theory | a theory of leadership asserting that certain people are born to lead.
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| transition | a rhetorical devise used to bridge ideas.
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| triangle of meaning | a model that explains the relationship that exists between words, things, and thoughts.
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| twenty-four seven | a reference to the ability to maintain contact 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
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| type X leader | a leader who does not delegate responsibility because she or he does not believe in the abilities of group members.
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| Type Y leader | leader who lets group members grow and develop; a leader concerned with the personal sense of achievement realized by group members.
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| understanding | a nonevaluative response that relies on the use of paraphrasing.
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| uniform resource locator (URL) | Web page address.
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| unknown area | the pane of the Johari window representing the part of the self that is unknown to oneself and others.
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| usenet newsgroup | a conference system of computer bulletin boards and discussion forums.
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| value conflict | the type of conflict that arises when people hold different views on an issue.
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| virtual neighborhood | an online, surrogate community.
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| virtual reality | an environment that exists as data in a computer system.
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| visual dominance | a measure calculated by comparing the percentage of looking while speaking with the percentage of looking while listening.
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| visualization | the picturing of experience in the mind; a technique used to help speakers imagine their own speech-making success.
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| volume | the degree of loudness of the voice.
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| waning friendship | the stage during which friends drift apart.
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| "you" message | a message in which a speaker denies responsibility for a situation by placing blame on another person; the opposite of an "I" message.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education