(See related pages)
Below you will find key words and concepts that you should remember from this chapter.
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| aquifer | A body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move readily. (See page(s) 263) |
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| artesian well | A well in which water rises above the aquifer. (See page(s) 265) |
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| cave (cavern) | Naturally formed underground chamber. (See page(s) 273) |
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| concretion | Hard, rounded mass that develops when a considerable amount of cementing material precipitates locally in a rock, often around an organic nucleus. (See page(s) 275) |
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| cone of depression | A depression of the water table formed around a well when water is pumped out; it is shaped like an inverted cone. (See page(s) 265) |
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| confined (artesian) aquifer | An aquifer completely filled with pressurized water and separated from the land surface by a relatively impermeable confining bed, such as shale. (See page(s) 264) |
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| drawdown | The lowering of the water table near a pumped well. (See page(s) 265) |
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| gaining stream | A stream that receives water from the zone of saturation. (See page(s) 267) |
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| geode | Partly hollow, globelike body found in limestone or other cavernous rock. (See page(s) 275) |
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| geyser | A type of hot spring that periodically erupts hot water and steam. (See page(s) 276) |
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| ground water | The water that lies beneath the ground surface, filling the cracks, crevices, and pore space of rocks. (See page(s) 260) |
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| hot spring | An area of volcanic eruptions and high heat flow above a rising mantle plume. (See page(s) 276) |
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| karst topography | An area with many sinkholes and a cave system beneath the land surface and usually lacking a surface stream. (See page(s) 274) |
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| losing stream | Stream that loses water to the zone of saturation. (See page(s) 267) |
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| perched water table | A water table separated from the main water table beneath it by a zone that is not saturated. (See page(s) 261) |
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| permeability | The capacity of a rock to transmit a fluid such as water or petroleum. (See page(s) 260) |
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| petrified wood | A material that forms as the organic matter of buried wood is either filled in or replaced by inorganic silica carried in by ground water. (See page(s) 275) |
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| porosity | The percentage of a rock’s volume that is taken up by openings. (See page(s) 260) |
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| recharge | The addition of new water to an aquifer or to the zone of saturation. (See page(s) 265) |
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| saturated zone | A subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water. (See page(s) 261) |
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| sinkhole | A closed depression found on land surfaces underlain by limestone. (See page(s) 274) |
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| speleothem | Dripstone deposit of calcite that precipitate from dripping water in caves. (See page(s) 274) |
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| spring | A place where water flows naturally out of rock onto the land surface. (See page(s) 267) |
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| stalactite | Iciclelike pendant of dripstone formed on cave ceilings. (See page(s) 274) |
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| stalagmite | Cone-shaped mass of dripstone formed on cave floors, generally directly below a stalactite. (See page(s) 274) |
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| unconfined aquifer | A partially filled aquifer exposed to the land surface and marked by a rising and falling water table. (See page(s) 264) |
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| vadose zone | A subsurface zone in which rock openings are generally unsaturated and filled partly with air and partly with water; above the saturated zone. (See page(s) 261) |
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| water table | The upper surface of the zone of saturation. (See page(s) 261) |
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| well | A hole, generally cylindrical and usually walled or lined with pipe, that is dug or drilled into the ground to penetrate an aquifer below the zone of saturation. (See page(s) 265) |