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__________ arguments lead to conclusions that are only probably true. The better your information is, the more probably true your conclusion will be.
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To avoid being manipulated by persuasive techniques, learn what you can about the author's __________. Pay attention to how a piece of writing is organized. How is the author structuring the argument? Where are the reasons or explanations? Do the reasons support the conclusion?
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When an author cites a __________, ask yourself the following questions: Is the writer an authority in that particular field? Is this the writer's specific area of competence? Is the writer biased? Is the writer likely to gain some advantage?
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Emotionally loaded language designed to appeal directly to your feelings rather than your reasoning abilities.
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The media frequently employs this technique to create ads that appeal directly to our desire for safety, power, prestige, sex, or popularity.
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To avoid being manipulated by persuasive techniques, learn what you can about the author's __________. What other books or articles has the author written? Is the author known for representing certain viewpoints? Is the author involved in advocacy organizations?
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Authors may call attention to the integrity, intelligence, or knowledge of themselves or others to convince you to trust their judgment and believe them.
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To avoid being manipulated by persuasive techniques, learn what you can about the author's __________. Try to identify the values and principles that form the author's basic outlook. Do you agree with the author's basic outlook? Contrast the author's basic outlook to other possibilities. What are the values and principles at the bottom of opposing outlooks?
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Scientists do research, which involves collecting data and analyzing it, and then they seek to draw a general conclusion or __________ from their research.
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Often __________ reasoning involves reasoning from the more general to the more specific. When we engage in deductive reasoning, we reason away from premises to a conclusion.
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Authors may seek to appeal to your sense of morality or fair play.
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