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1 | |
Language is most accurately defined as a system of _________ that allow for communication with others. |
| | A) | images |
| | B) | vocalizations |
| | C) | symbols |
| | D) | words |
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2 | |
Mrs. Rodriguez gives her second-grade class a list of 100 words to use in writing a story about the class science project. Each child produces a different story, demonstrating the ________ of language. |
| | A) | syntax |
| | B) | morphology |
| | C) | phonology |
| | D) | infinite generativity |
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3 | |
Patricia Kuhl's (1993) research reveals that, long before they learn words, infants: |
| | A) | can sort through spoken sounds in search of ones that have meaning. |
| | B) | experiment with producing a variety of different sounds. |
| | C) | find some sounds easier than others to attend to and produce. |
| | D) | tend to block out most sounds while focusing on those that are easiest for them to produce. |
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4 | |
_________ refers to word formation. |
| | A) | Phonology |
| | B) | Morphology |
| | C) | Syntax |
| | D) | Semantics |
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5 | |
Edward said to his mother, "The mouse the cat the farmer chased killed at the cheese." After puzzling over this for a bit, Edward's mother said, "Do you mean 'The farmer chased the cat that killed the mouse that ate the cheese?'" "Yes," he replied. Clearly, Edward was having a problem with: |
| | A) | semantics. |
| | B) | pragmatics. |
| | C) | syntax. |
| | D) | morphology. |
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6 | |
Yoshi is learning that there are many different ways to say "thank you" in Japanese, depending on the gender, social status, and relationship to Yoshi of the person he is thanking. This use of appropriate conversation demonstrates an issue of: |
| | A) | syntax. |
| | B) | semantics. |
| | C) | morphology. |
| | D) | pragmatics. |
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7 | |
The strongest evidence for the biological basis of language is that: |
| | A) | a language acquisition device (LAD) has been located in the brain's temporal lobe. |
| | B) | children all over the world reach language milestones at about the same time and in the same order. |
| | C) | language represents chains of responses and imitation. |
| | D) | children from middle-income professional and welfare backgrounds develop normally in terms of language. |
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8 | |
The best estimate is that human language evolved about _________ years ago. |
| | A) | 20,000 |
| | B) | 50,000 |
| | C) | 100,000 |
| | D) | 500,000 |
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9 | |
After receiving an injury to the left side of his brain, Tan suffered from __________, a type of brain damage that involves a loss of the ability to use words. |
| | A) | aphasia |
| | B) | ataxia |
| | C) | amnesia |
| | D) | echolalia |
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10 | |
Linguist Noam Chomsky (1957) believes humans are born into the world with a biological endowment that enables children to detect certain language categories, which is referred to as a language: |
| | A) | strategy. |
| | B) | acquisition support system. |
| | C) | acquisition device. |
| | D) | generation device. |
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11 | |
If a child were reared in isolation from people for the first 10 or 11 years of life, that child would likely: |
| | A) | never learn to communicate effectively with humans. |
| | B) | learn to communicate if given speech and language therapy. |
| | C) | learn to communicate if placed in a warm, comfortable environment. |
| | D) | learn to communicate in that child's own personal language system understood by a few people. |
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12 | |
Dr. Jones claims Marie can make a negative statement because that use was reinforced. Dr. Jones most likely takes which view? |
| | A) | biological |
| | B) | behavioral |
| | C) | cognitive |
| | D) | interactionist |
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13 | |
In their study of language development in children, Hart and Risley (1995) found that: |
| | A) | middle-income professional parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the welfare parents. |
| | B) | welfare parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the middle-income professional parents did. |
| | C) | in the United States, there were few differences between the amount of time middle-income professional parents and welfare parents spent communicating with their children. |
| | D) | the amount of time that parents spent communicating with their children made little difference in terms of the children's later language abilities. |
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14 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about infant-directed speech? |
| | A) | It is sometimes called "parentese." |
| | B) | It involves the use of simple words and sentences. |
| | C) | Much of it is automatic when an adult is talking to a baby. |
| | D) | It has a lower than normal pitch. |
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15 | |
When Jennifer said, "The deer was running," Mother asked, "Where was the deer running?" Mother's strategy is: |
| | A) | echoing. |
| | B) | expanding. |
| | C) | recasting. |
| | D) | labeling. |
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16 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways suggested for facilitating the language development of infants? |
| | A) | Be an active conversational partner. |
| | B) | Talk as if the infant understands what you are saying. |
| | C) | Use a language style with which you feel comfortable. |
| | D) | Resist making normative comparisons. |
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17 | |
The purpose of the baby's earliest communication is: |
| | A) | to exercise his or her vocal apparatus. |
| | B) | to facilitate development of articulation. |
| | C) | for amusement. |
| | D) | to attract attention from parents and others in the environment. |
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18 | |
The child's first word is typically uttered at around _________ months. |
| | A) | 3 to 6 |
| | B) | 6 to 9 |
| | C) | 9 to 10 |
| | D) | 10 to 15 |
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19 | |
The child's first words: |
| | A) | are the same today as 100 years ago. |
| | B) | were more likely related to people than to objects 100 years ago as compared with today. |
| | C) | are more likely related to people than to objects today than 100 years ago. |
| | D) | are more complex today than 100 years ago. |
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20 | |
Andrew sees a cat on the lawn, then says to his mother, "Kitty." The notion that Andrew is using that one word to imply a whole sentence, such as "That's a kitty," would be suggestive of the _______ hypothesis. |
| | A) | generalization |
| | B) | generativity |
| | C) | cognitive |
| | D) | holophrase |
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21 | |
Which statement about the two-word utterances of 18- to 24-month-old children is NOT correct? |
| | A) | The child relies heavily on gesture, tone, and context to help convey meaning. |
| | B) | They are used by children in such diverse countries as the United States, Germany, Russia, and Samoa. |
| | C) | They are difficult for adults to understand. |
| | D) | They can communicate a wealth of meaning. |
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22 | |
Roger Brown's (1973) concept of mean length of utterances (MLUs) is an index of: |
| | A) | intelligence. |
| | B) | cognitive development. |
| | C) | language development. |
| | D) | creativity. |
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23 | |
Evidence that children understand the rules of their language includes all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | observations of overgeneralizations. |
| | B) | application of rules to nonsense words. |
| | C) | correct word order placement. |
| | D) | identifying the names of objects they have never previously seen. |
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24 | |
As demonstrated by Jean Berko's (1958) research, overgeneralization of language rules indicates: |
| | A) | a failure to apply language rules. |
| | B) | children's guesses about language rules. |
| | C) | the use of language rules. |
| | D) | the imitation of language rules. |
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25 | |
Research by Huttenlocher et al. (1998) found that the size of a child's vocabulary is related to: |
| | A) | the talkativeness of the child's mother. |
| | B) | how early the child's parents learned to speak. |
| | C) | the number of siblings the child has. |
| | D) | the types of television shows the child watches. |
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26 | |
Che's language development is normal for his age. He is now transitioning from saying one word at a time to combining words and phrases into simple sentences. Based on this information, Che would be approximately how old? |
| | A) | 12 to 14 months |
| | B) | 22 to 24 months |
| | C) | 2 to 2 and a half years |
| | D) | 3 years |
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27 | |
Mrs. Kumin believes that in early reading instruction, children should be presented with materials in their complete form, such as stories and poems. Which approach does Mrs. Kumin support? |
| | A) | whole-language |
| | B) | basic-skills-and-phonetics |
| | C) | balanced |
| | D) | classical |
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28 | |
In the debate over whether the whole-language approach or the basic-skills-and-phonetics approach is the better one for teaching children to read: |
| | A) | researchers have found the whole-language approach to be better. |
| | B) | researchers have found the basic-skills-and-phonetics approach to be better. |
| | C) | linguistic researchers believe the whole-language approach is better, whereas educators believe the basic-skills-and-phonetics approach is better. |
| | D) | researchers have not been able to document that one approach is better. |
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29 | |
Linh, a second grader, appears to be normal in every other way, but she reverses such letters as b and d, p and q, and g and q. What would this indicate? |
| | A) | Linh is likely to become dyslexic. |
| | B) | Linh probably has a vision problem. |
| | C) | Linh appears to have a learning disability. |
| | D) | This reversal is developmentally normal. |
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30 | |
Researchers have found that bilingualism: |
| | A) | has a negative effect on children's cognitive development. |
| | B) | has a positive effect on children's cognitive development. |
| | C) | confuses children in regard to language development. |
| | D) | results in children scoring lower than monolingual children on intelligence tests. |
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31 | |
The optimal time for learning a second language is: |
| | A) | early to middle childhood. |
| | B) | late childhood. |
| | C) | adolescence. |
| | D) | adulthood. |
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32 | |
Peggy is a typical adolescent, so we would expect all of the following changes in her language development, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | increases in her vocabulary. |
| | B) | increased understanding of the function a word plays in a sentence. |
| | C) | a better sense of metaphor and satire. |
| | D) | greater imagination. |
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33 | |
Gulliver's Travels, by Jonathan Swift, poked fun at the politics of his day and is considered an outstanding example of: |
| | A) | satire. |
| | B) | metaphor. |
| | C) | analogy. |
| | D) | parsimony. |
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34 | |
The vocabulary of individuals throughout most of adulthood: |
| | A) | remains stable. |
| | B) | continues to increase. |
| | C) | begins to decline. |
| | D) | becomes distorted. |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education