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1 | |
_______ refers to all of the characteristics of a person. |
| | A) | The self |
| | B) | Self-concept |
| | C) | Identity |
| | D) | Personality |
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2 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the three facets of self-understanding? |
| | A) | personal memories |
| | B) | representations of the self |
| | C) | self-perceptions |
| | D) | theories of the self |
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3 | |
The human infant learns to recognize his or her own image in a mirror at approximately _____ months. |
| | A) | 2 |
| | B) | 6 |
| | C) | 9 |
| | D) | 18 |
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4 | |
Preschoolers most often describe themselves in terms of their: |
| | A) | thoughts. |
| | B) | physical characteristics. |
| | C) | emotions. |
| | D) | relationships to other people. |
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5 | |
As a normal third-grader, Nora is most likely to define herself in terms of all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | her feelings. |
| | B) | her eye color. |
| | C) | her religious affiliation. |
| | D) | how she compares with other third graders. |
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6 | |
All of the following EXCEPT _______ were noted in the text to increase as children's perspective taking increases. |
| | A) | self-understanding |
| | B) | peer group status |
| | C) | quality of friendships |
| | D) | academic performance |
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7 | |
Lucinda is conscious that each individual is aware of the other's perspective and that this awareness influences people's views of each other. By putting herself in someone else's place, she can judge that person's intentions. Lucinda is in which of Selman's stages of perspective taking? |
| | A) | egocentric viewpoint |
| | B) | social-informational perspective taking |
| | C) | self-reflective perspective taking |
| | D) | mutual perspective taking |
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8 | |
Mariflor can't understand how her moods can switch so quickly, from being cheerful to being anxious to being sarcastic, to being sweet, all within a matter of minutes. This instability reflects Mariflor's _______ self. |
| | A) | abstract |
| | B) | fluctuating |
| | C) | contradictory |
| | D) | real |
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9 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons adolescents display a false self? |
| | A) | out of boredom with their true self |
| | B) | to impress others |
| | C) | to try out new behaviors |
| | D) | they do not understand their true self |
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10 | |
Which statement does NOT accurately represent the findings in Ryff's (1991) study comparing the self-awareness of middle-aged and younger adults? |
| | A) | middle-aged adults were less likely to accept their bad characteristics than younger adults. |
| | B) | middle-aged adults were more likely to accept their good characteristics than younger adults. |
| | C) | middle-aged adults had a generally positive view of themselves. |
| | D) | middle-aged adults were less concerned than younger adults about the opinions of others. |
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11 | |
Which is the LEAST likely outcome of life review? |
| | A) | increased fear of death |
| | B) | the discovery of the meaning of one's life |
| | C) | a new sense of self |
| | D) | an opportunity to share insights with significant others |
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12 | |
Angela has been told that she is high in self-regulation. If this is true, we would expect Angela to: |
| | A) | need therapy. |
| | B) | achieve her goals. |
| | C) | be overly controlled. |
| | D) | be rigid and inflexible. |
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13 | |
Compared with earlier periods, adolescence is a time of: |
| | A) | increases in self-regulation. |
| | B) | decreases in self-regulation. |
| | C) | both increases and decreases in self-regulation. |
| | D) | stability in terms of self-regulation. |
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14 | |
According to the optimization component of the selective optimization with compensation model, a 70-year-old secretary who complains about her poor eyesight interfering with her proofreading skills should: |
| | A) | use positive affirmations to remind herself of her excellent skills in the past. |
| | B) | just accept the fact that she cannot perform the way she used to. |
| | C) | practice grammar and spell-checking during her off-time. |
| | D) | quit her job. |
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15 | |
In a cross-sectional study of the personal life investments of adults, the most important personal investment for 85- to 105-year-olds was their: |
| | A) | family. |
| | B) | independence. |
| | C) | friends. |
| | D) | health. |
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16 | |
_______ refers to global evaluations of the self. |
| | A) | Self-esteem |
| | B) | Self-perception |
| | C) | Self-concept |
| | D) | Self-efficacy |
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17 | |
As children transition from elementary school to middle school, their self-esteem: |
| | A) | drops. |
| | B) | increases. |
| | C) | does not change for most children. |
| | D) | drops for girls but increases for boys. |
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18 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways the text suggests for increasing a child's self-esteem? |
| | A) | setting high goals with a need to succeed |
| | B) | identifying the causes of low self-esteem and the domains of competence important to the self |
| | C) | providing emotional support and social approval |
| | D) | achievement and effective coping |
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19 | |
Amara is a single mother with one child, 8-year-old Aslam. Amara decides to enroll Aslam in a local Boys' Club program. In doing so, Amara is attempting to raise her son's self-esteem through: |
| | A) | achievement. |
| | B) | coping. |
| | C) | emotional support. |
| | D) | identifying areas of competence. |
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20 | |
According to Erik Erikson, children will develop an excessive sense of shame and a sense of doubt about their abilities under all of the following circumstances, EXCEPT when: |
| | A) | impatient parents do things children can do for themselves. |
| | B) | children are consistently overprotected. |
| | C) | accidents the children have had or caused are criticized. |
| | D) | when children are allowed to express their emotions. |
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21 | |
Olivia's parents openly value Olivia's participation in family conversations. Although she often misunderstands the topic, they answer her questions, help her to join in, or simply enjoy her sometimes fantastic ideas. According to Erik Erikson, these parents are encouraging: |
| | A) | initiative. |
| | B) | conscience. |
| | C) | identification. |
| | D) | self-concept. |
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22 | |
Children in the middle and late childhood period of development are in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages? |
| | A) | trust versus mistrust |
| | B) | autonomy versus shame and doubt |
| | C) | initiative versus guilt |
| | D) | industry versus inferiority |
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23 | |
The adolescent identity crisis refers to a period: |
| | A) | of confusion during which youth are choosing between attachment and autonomy. |
| | B) | when adolescents are actively making decisions about who they want to be. |
| | C) | when adolescents actively avoid commitment to ideas or occupations. |
| | D) | of intense turmoil and stress that lasts a short time and determines an adolescent's identity status. |
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24 | |
Hyun-Joo experiences great satisfaction through nurturing, guiding, and teaching skills to her children. According to Erik Erikson, Hyun-Joo is dealing successfully with which psychological task? |
| | A) | industry versus inferiority |
| | B) | identity versus confusion |
| | C) | intimacy versus isolation |
| | D) | generativity versus stagnation |
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25 | |
Erik Erikson believed that which final life-cycle stage characterizes late adulthood? |
| | A) | integrity versus despair |
| | B) | trust versus mistrust |
| | C) | generativity versus stagnation |
| | D) | intimacy versus isolation |
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26 | |
The term that James Marcia uses to refer to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do is: |
| | A) | value. |
| | B) | desire. |
| | C) | commitment. |
| | D) | involvement. |
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27 | |
Asked whether they ever had doubts about their religion, four students gave the following answers. Which of these students has arrived at identity achievement? |
| | A) | Kristin: "Oh, I don't know. It really doesn't bother me. I figure one's about as good as another." |
| | B) | Joe: "No, not really. Our family is pretty much in agreement about these things." |
| | C) | Alicia: "Yes, I guess I'm going through that right now. How can there be a god with so much evil in the world?" |
| | D) | Phil: "Yeah, I even started wondering if God existed. I've pretty much resolved that by now, though." |
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28 | |
A high school student who has explored all potential employment and educational options and has chosen to attend the state college near home is experiencing identity: |
| | A) | achievement. |
| | B) | moratorium. |
| | C) | foreclosure. |
| | D) | diffusion. |
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29 | |
Autocratic parents are most likely to have adolescents experiencing identity: |
| | A) | achievement. |
| | B) | moratorium. |
| | C) | foreclosure. |
| | D) | diffusion. |
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30 | |
Jessica's parents have never "forced" their opinions on her and have always allowed her to try anything she wanted to because they did not want to put any limits on her development. Based on the research, we would expect Jessica to experience identity: |
| | A) | achievement. |
| | B) | moratorium. |
| | C) | foreclosure. |
| | D) | diffusion. |
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31 | |
According to Cooper and Grotevant (1989), both _______ are important in the adolescent's identity development. |
| | A) | separation and conflict |
| | B) | individuality and connectedness |
| | C) | obedience and self-regulation |
| | D) | family and peer relations |
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32 | |
Which statement best reflects Erik Erikson's (1968) belief about the relationship between culture and identity development? |
| | A) | Culture plays a critical role in identity development. |
| | B) | In some individuals, cultural factors may play a role in identity development. |
| | C) | For all individuals, cultural factors play a minor role in identity development. |
| | D) | Cultural factors have no influence on identity development. |
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33 | |
Most ethnic minorities first consciously confront their ethnicity in: |
| | A) | early childhood. |
| | B) | middle childhood. |
| | C) | adolescence. |
| | D) | young adulthood. |
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34 | |
What relationship did Phinney and Alipuria (1990) find between ethnic identity and self-esteem for ethnic minority college students? |
| | A) | Those who had thought about and resolved issues involving their ethnicity had lower self-esteem than their counterparts who had not. |
| | B) | Those who had thought about and resolved issues involving their ethnicity had higher self-esteem than their counterparts who had not. |
| | C) | There were no differences in self-esteem between those who had thought about and resolved issues involving their ethnicity and their counterparts who had not. |
| | D) | They found no relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem. |
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35 | |
Many identity status researchers believe that a common pattern of individuals who develop positive identities is to follow what are called _____ cycles. |
| | A) | "PAPA" |
| | B) | "MAMA" |
| | C) | life |
| | D) | spiraling |
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36 | |
Revisions to Freud's psychoanalytic theory have included all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | less emphasis on sexuality. |
| | B) | less emphasis on the role of the unconscious. |
| | C) | more emphasis on sociocultural experiences. |
| | D) | a greater emphasis on early life experiences. |
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37 | |
Horney's psychoanalytic perspective differed from Freud's in all of the following ways, EXCEPT she believed that: |
| | A) | what women envy about men is not their anatomical makeup, but their status. |
| | B) | women should be given greater access to high-status positions. |
| | C) | the unconscious is not a relevant factor in personality development. |
| | D) | sociocultural factors are more important than sexual factors in understanding personality. |
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38 | |
_______ theorists believe that personality is the individual's behavior, which is determined by the external environment. |
| | A) | Behavioral |
| | B) | Psychoanalytic |
| | C) | Cognitive |
| | D) | Humanistic |
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39 | |
Who would be most likely to state that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in determining personality? |
| | A) | Albert Bandura |
| | B) | Erik Erikson |
| | C) | B. F. Skinner |
| | D) | Abraham Maslow |
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40 | |
Criticisms of both the behavioral and social cognitive theories are criticized for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | placing too much emphasis on environmental factors. |
| | B) | overemphasizing the role of cognitions in personality development. |
| | C) | ignoring the role of biological foundations in personality. |
| | D) | being too mechanical and missing the most exciting, rich dimensions of personality. |
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41 | |
Dr. Rose believes that every person has the capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose her or his own destiny, and positive qualities. Dr. Rose has adopted a _______ approach. |
| | A) | psychoanalytic |
| | B) | behavioral |
| | C) | social cognitive |
| | D) | humanistic |
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42 | |
When Katya's parents tell her, "We don't like what you just did to your little brother, but we cherish you and love you as a person," they are demonstrating: |
| | A) | unconditional positive regard. |
| | B) | conditional positive regard. |
| | C) | self-actualization. |
| | D) | esteem building. |
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43 | |
Today most personality psychologists emphasize which approach? |
| | A) | behavioral |
| | B) | psychodynamic |
| | C) | trait-situation interaction |
| | D) | humanistic |
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44 | |
According to Daniel Levinson, a major conflict that a middle-aged man must face is: |
| | A) | mortality versus immortality. |
| | B) | being young versus being old. |
| | C) | empty nest syndrome. |
| | D) | industry versus inferiority. |
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45 | |
According to Daniel Levinson, the success of the midlife transition depends on how effectively the individual: |
| | A) | accepts polarities of the conflicts as an integral part of his or her being. |
| | B) | chooses the most troublesome conflict and resolves it. |
| | C) | learns to pay more attention to the needs of others than to his or her own needs. |
| | D) | realizes the sense of urgency in his or her life and comes to terms with it. |
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46 | |
According to George Vaillant: |
| | A) | most middle-aged adults go through a midlife crisis. |
| | B) | the forties are a time for reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years. |
| | C) | a great deal of empirical research supports Gail Sheehy's observations. |
| | D) | individuals between ages 40 and 60 are more nervous and worried than those under 40. |
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47 | |
Evidence from an accumulation of studies indicates that the midlife crisis is: |
| | A) | a universal phenomenon. |
| | B) | present in most individuals, but not all. |
| | C) | dependent on the cohort that is currently middle-aged. |
| | D) | exaggerated. |
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48 | |
Stage theories of adult development have been criticized for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | stage theories place too much emphasis on crises in development. |
| | B) | there often is considerable individual variation in the way people experience the stages. |
| | C) | experts are virtually unanimous in their belief that midlife crises have been exaggerated. |
| | D) | many of the studies have been flawed by the investigators' questionable research skills. |
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49 | |
The contemporary life-events approach emphasizes that how life events influence the individual's development depends not only on the life event, but also on all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | the individual's cohort membership. |
| | B) | the sociohistorical context. |
| | C) | mediating factors such as physical health and family support. |
| | D) | the individual's adaption to the life event. |
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50 | |
The contemporary life-events approach is likely to place emphasis on: |
| | A) | stability rather than change. |
| | B) | change rather than stability. |
| | C) | daily experiences. |
| | D) | environmental rather than emotional change. |
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51 | |
Stage theories of adult development have been criticized for: |
| | A) | having a female bias. |
| | B) | not adequately addressing women's concerns about relationships. |
| | C) | placing too much importance on childbearing and child rearing. |
| | D) | not adequately addressing how men balance career and family. |
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52 | |
Regarding age changes in personality, Bernice Neugarten in the Kansas City Study found that: |
| | A) | personality remains fairly constant, but age changes do exist. |
| | B) | significant gender differences in personality were present, but mostly at younger ages. |
| | C) | neurosis increases with age, but social inhibitions in personality decline. |
| | D) | depression increases with age, but only in the personality of elderly who are widowed. |
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53 | |
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae determined that the "big five" personality factors: |
| | A) | showed different patterns of development during middle adulthood. |
| | B) | became the "big three" as adults matured. |
| | C) | go through a series of developmental stages. |
| | D) | remain relatively stable during the middle adult years. |
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54 | |
John Clausen (1993), a researcher in the Berkeley longitudinal studies, believes that: |
| | A) | not enough attention has been given to the role of discontinuity in adult development. |
| | B) | the experience of recurrent crises and change is a universal factor in adult development. |
| | C) | some people experience recurrent crises and change, whereas others have more stable, continuous lives. |
| | D) | the overall pattern of development during the life course is one of stability rather than change. |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education