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1 | |
_______ development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong. |
| | A) | Cognitive |
| | B) | Social |
| | C) | Moral |
| | D) | Religious |
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2 | |
The basic ideas concerning moral development discussed in the chapter include all of the following, EXCEPT how individuals: |
| | A) | reason or think about rules for ethical conduct. |
| | B) | behave in moral circumstances. |
| | C) | feel about moral matters. |
| | D) | attempt to navigate moral situations. |
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3 | |
A major distinction between autonomous morality and heteronomous morality is that autonomous moral thinkers focus on: |
| | A) | consequences of behavior. |
| | B) | intentions of someone who breaks a rule. |
| | C) | way a specific behavior makes them feel. |
| | D) | rewards moral behavior will bring. |
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4 | |
Piaget believed that the social understanding of autonomous children comes about through: |
| | A) | parental modeling. |
| | B) | what they learn in their educational settings. |
| | C) | biological maturation. |
| | D) | the mutual give-and-take of peer relations. |
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5 | |
"Heinz should steal the drug. It isn't like it really cost $2,000, and he'll be really unhappy if his wife dies." This statement is characteristic of a stage of morality called: |
| | A) | heteronomous morality. |
| | B) | individualism, purpose, and exchange. |
| | C) | mutual interpersonal expectations. |
| | D) | social contract and individual rights. |
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6 | |
A pacifist who is thrown in jail for refusing to obey the draft laws because he believes that killing is morally wrong is at what stage of moral development? |
| | A) | individualism, purpose, and exchange |
| | B) | mutual interpersonal expectations |
| | C) | social contract and individual rights |
| | D) | universal ethical principles |
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7 | |
Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development stresses that a child's moral level is determined by: |
| | A) | how well the child defends a correct answer to a moral dilemma. |
| | B) | the nature of the child's ideas about morality. |
| | C) | how a child processes information about moral problems. |
| | D) | the child's reasoning about moral decisions. |
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8 | |
In building on Piaget's theory of moral development, Kohlberg emphasized the importance of: |
| | A) | understanding the importance of relationships. |
| | B) | opportunities to take the perspective of others. |
| | C) | reducing conflict. |
| | D) | punishment. |
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9 | |
Research on Kohlberg's theory of moral development in 27 diverse cultures around the world: |
| | A) | has provided no universal support for this theory. |
| | B) | has provided support for the universality of the first four stages. |
| | C) | has provided support for the universality of all six stages. |
| | D) | has found conflicting results in terms of the theory's universality. |
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10 | |
Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development include all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | it places too much emphasis on moral thought, not enough on moral behavior. |
| | B) | it is culturally biased. |
| | C) | it considers family processes essentially unimportant in children's moral development. |
| | D) | it places females at a higher level of morality than males. |
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11 | |
William Damon (1988) has found that, where culturally specific practices take on profound moral and religious significance, the moral development of children focuses extensively on their: |
| | A) | adherence to custom and convention. |
| | B) | imitation of older people. |
| | C) | obedience to authority figures. |
| | D) | sense of fairness involving principles of equality, merit, and benevolence. |
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12 | |
Carol Gilligan (1996) has found that as girls reach adolescence they: |
| | A) | become increasingly moral. |
| | B) | adopt a justice perspective of morality. |
| | C) | increasingly silence their "distinctive voice." |
| | D) | become more outspoken about their inner feelings. |
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13 | |
Research studies assessing Gilligan's findings have shown that: |
| | A) | men rarely take a care perspective, women rarely take a justice perspective. |
| | B) | men rarely take a justice perspective, women rarely take a care perspective. |
| | C) | there are actually few differences today in men's and women's perspectives, with both primarily using a justice perspective. |
| | D) | many men and women use both a care and a justice perspective. |
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14 | |
Dr. Emory believes that when children are rewarded for behavior that is consistent with laws and social conventions, they are likely to repeat that behavior. Dr. Emory most likely takes a _______ view of development. |
| | A) | Piagetian |
| | B) | social cognitive |
| | C) | Freudian |
| | D) | behavioral |
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15 | |
In a study by Hartshorne and May (1928-1930) that looked at children's moral behavior, the researchers found that: |
| | A) | children were more likely to cheat than to be honest. |
| | B) | children were more likely to be honest than to cheat. |
| | C) | a completely honest or a completely dishonest child was difficult to find. |
| | D) | children with a strict religious background were less likely to cheat than their peers without such an upbringing. |
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16 | |
According to social cognitive theorists, the ability to resist temptation is closely tied to the development of: |
| | A) | empathic behavior. |
| | B) | spontaneity. |
| | C) | abstract reasoning. |
| | D) | self-control. |
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17 | |
According to the Freudian psychoanalytic perspective, children develop a superego for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT to: |
| | A) | reduce anxiety. |
| | B) | gain an external reward. |
| | C) | avoid punishment. |
| | D) | maintain parental affection. |
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18 | |
The _______ is the component of the superego that involves behaviors disapproved of by parents. |
| | A) | ego ideal |
| | B) | conscience |
| | C) | mind |
| | D) | subjective self |
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19 | |
Which cognitive ability is essential to the capacity for empathy? |
| | A) | conservation |
| | B) | logical reasoning |
| | C) | decentration |
| | D) | perspective taking |
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20 | |
According to Damon, a child is able to demonstrate empathy as early as: |
| | A) | infancy. |
| | B) | age 1 to 2 years. |
| | C) | early childhood. |
| | D) | age 10 to 12 years. |
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21 | |
William Damon (1988) has found that by the time children enter elementary school, they share with others: |
| | A) | for the fun of the social play ritual. |
| | B) | out of imitation of older people. |
| | C) | out of obligation, but don't think they need to be as generous to others as they are to themselves. |
| | D) | from a sense of fairness involving principles of equality, merit, and benevolence. |
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22 | |
Mr. Edwards wants to increase the prosocial behavior of children in his fifth-grade class. An effective strategy would be to: |
| | A) | lecture the students about prosocial behavior. |
| | B) | punish students for antisocial behavior. |
| | C) | model prosocial behaviors. |
| | D) | use a lot of external rewards for prosocial behavior. |
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23 | |
Research on the relationship between the role of parenting and children's moral development has demonstrated that: |
| | A) | parenting is primarily responsible for children's moral development. |
| | B) | heredity is primarily responsible for children's moral development. |
| | C) | parenting and peer relations are jointly responsible for children's moral development. |
| | D) | parenting, heredity, and peer relations are all responsible for children's moral development. |
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24 | |
Martin Hoffman (1970) suggests that parents use _______ to encourage children's moral development. |
| | A) | induction |
| | B) | love withdrawal |
| | C) | power assertion |
| | D) | spanking |
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25 | |
Nancy Eisenberg and Bridget Murphy (1995) concluded that moral children usually have parents who do all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | are warm and supportive. |
| | B) | use power assertion. |
| | C) | involve children in family decision making. |
| | D) | model moral behaviors. |
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26 | |
_______ is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school. |
| | A) | The hidden curriculum |
| | B) | Character education |
| | C) | Values clarification |
| | D) | Cognitive moral education |
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27 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the common criticisms of values clarification exercises? |
| | A) | The content of the exercises offends community standards. |
| | B) | The relativistic nature of the exercises undermines accepted values. |
| | C) | The relativistic nature of the exercises fails to stress right behavior. |
| | D) | The content of the exercises is difficult for students to understand. |
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28 | |
Research on service learning has shown that: |
| | A) | grades decline because students have less time for their studies. |
| | B) | students' self-esteem improves. |
| | C) | students become alienated from their families. |
| | D) | students are resentful of the extra pressures placed on them. |
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29 | |
Six-year-old Cain tortured animals and terrorized his sister Abby. He stole money from his mother and destroyed the neighbors' property. Cain probably has: |
| | A) | a conduct disorder. |
| | B) | attention deficit disorder. |
| | C) | antisocial personality disorder. |
| | D) | oppositional defiant disorder. |
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30 | |
The text states that all of the following have been proposed as causes of juvenile delinquency, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | peer influences. |
| | B) | identity problems. |
| | C) | family experiences. |
| | D) | boredom. |
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31 | |
A parenting practice that is associated with an adolescent becoming delinquent is: |
| | A) | disciplining adolescents for antisocial behavior. |
| | B) | indulgence of an adolescent's wants. |
| | C) | low monitoring of adolescents. |
| | D) | restrictively controlling an adolescent's behavior. |
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32 | |
Which of the following teenagers is most likely to turn violent? |
| | A) | Katy, who feels powerless against her father's sexual molestation. |
| | B) | Ken, who feels powerless against the bullying of his classmates. |
| | C) | Karen, who is failing all of her classes. |
| | D) | Konrad, whose girlfriend just broke up with him. |
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33 | |
Based on his interviews with adolescent killers, Garbarino (1999) concludes that: |
| | A) | many young people are potential killers. |
| | B) | there is a spiritual or emotional emptiness in which the youth sought meaning in the dark side of life. |
| | C) | the clues to predict that these young people will become killers are being overlooked by parents and teachers. |
| | D) | the spiral of violence will continue to increase until society begins to acknowledge the emotional needs of adolescents. |
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34 | |
_______ are beliefs and attitudes about the way people think things should be. |
| | A) | Standards |
| | B) | Norms |
| | C) | Values |
| | D) | Religious precepts |
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35 | |
From 1968 to 1999 college freshmen's values have changed in that they have become increasingly committed to: |
| | A) | developing a meaningful philosophy of life. |
| | B) | helping others. |
| | C) | volunteering in such activities as the Peace Corps and Americorps. |
| | D) | being well-off financially. |
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36 | |
If a person is going to experience a religious change or reawakening, it is most likely to occur during: |
| | A) | late childhood. |
| | B) | adolescence. |
| | C) | middle adulthood. |
| | D) | late adulthood. |
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37 | |
In response to the question about why Moses was afraid to look at God, a child said, "It was a bright light and to look at it might blind him." This child would be in Piaget's _______ religious thought. |
| | A) | sensorimotor |
| | B) | preoperational intuitive |
| | C) | concrete operational |
| | D) | formal operational |
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38 | |
Eighteen-year-old Jeremiah's belief in God is consistent with what he has been taught by his parents and in religious school. He just heard someone robbed a store owned by family friends, and he believes this person should be punished both in Heaven and on Earth for the harm he has done. Jeremiah is probably in which of Fowler's stages of religious development? |
| | A) | mythical-literal faith |
| | B) | synthetic-conventional faith |
| | C) | individuating-reflexive faith |
| | D) | conjunctive faith |
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39 | |
If Sarah expresses typical "American attitudes" toward religion, we would expect her to: |
| | A) | deny the existence of God. |
| | B) | reveal a declining faith in mainstream religious institutions. |
| | C) | have strongly positive feelings toward religious leaders. |
| | D) | believe that our country's spiritual and moral stature are increasing. |
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40 | |
Victor Frankl, a survivor of the Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz, Germany, considers all of the following as distinct human qualities, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | religion. |
| | B) | spirituality. |
| | C) | freedom. |
| | D) | responsibility. |
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41 | |
Which of the following would be most consistent with the research on religion and aging? |
| | A) | Rivka, an 87-year-old widow who considers her religious faith to be extremely significant in her life, expresses a sense of well-being. |
| | B) | Avram, a 75-year-old man who practices his religion faithfully, lacks a sense of satisfaction with his life. |
| | C) | Malka, an 88-year-old housewife who has begun to doubt whether there is a god, is satisfied with her life as it is. |
| | D) | Mort, an 80-year-old retiree who no longer practices his faith, expresses a sense of satisfaction with his life. |
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42 | |
As noted in the text, religion can provide important psychological needs in older adults, including all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | assistance in finding and maintaining a sense of meaningfulness and significance in life. |
| | B) | the ability to accept impending death and the inevitable losses of old age. |
| | C) | social activities and social support. |
| | D) | assistance with psychological problems, such as depression. |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education