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Multiple Choice
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1

The researcher associated with cognitive dissonance theory is
A)Delia.
B)Festinger.
C)Sherif.
D)Watzlawick.
2

The process of avoiding information that is likely to create dissonance is called
A)minimal justification.
B)postdecision dissonance.
C)selective exposure.
D)none of the above
3

Which of the following can increase postdecision dissonance?
A)The importance of the issue.
B)The longer the delay in choosing between two options.
C)The greater the difficulty in reducing the decision.
D)All of the above.
4

The dissonance that is associated with buying a new vehicle is best explained by which hypothesis?
A)minimal justification
B)selective exposure
C)postdecision dissonance
D)none of the above
5

At the heart of the postdecision dissonance is the issue of
A)forgiveness.
B)power.
C)remorse.
D)reassurance.
6

The goal of cognitive dissonance theory is to
A)prove that the media cause us to mix wants and needs.
B)explain what happens when people encounter strangers.
C)explain why people make changes when they are doing things they don't believe in.
D)all of the above
7

The experiment that Festinger used to study cognitive dissonance was called
A)"show me the money."
B)"would I lie for a dollar."
C)"do you really believe that?"
D)none of the above
8

In further studies of the minimal justification hypothesis, the problem was determined to be one of
A)physical inconsistency.
B)psychological inconsistency.
C)logical inconsistency.
D)none of the above
9

Following up on Festinger's work, Aronson found that
A)dissonance is high when people have invested little effort in a behavior.
B)dissonance is low when people have invested a big effort in behavior.
C)dissonance is directly proportional to the effort the person has invested in the behavior.
D)none of the above
10

Which of the following examples is consistent with the idea that the amount of dissonance a person experiences is directly proportional to the effort spent?
A)A football player who brags about how easy practices are.
B)A marine who is careless and sloppy in appearance and attitude.
C)A police officer who has no respect for the law.
D)A farmer who talks about the challenges of harvesting cotton.
11

The course that Griffin used to discuss cognitive dissonance tried to get students more interested in which aspect of communication studies?
A)interpersonal
B)small group
C)intercultural
D)mass media
12

Cooper differs from Aronson in that he believes
A)people behave more consistently with Festinger's original findings.
B)personal responsibility is what creates dissonance.
C)knowing ahead of time that a choice will harm someone else creates dissonance.
D)b and c
13

The researcher who focused more on the role of self-esteem in understanding cognitive dissonance is
A)Cooper.
B)Steele.
C)Aronson.
D)Festinger.
14

Steele's basic point is that
A)most people are motivated to maintain an overall moral self-image.
B)people feel more dissonance when they get involved.
C)dissonance only exists when behavior is not consistent with self-concept.
D)none of the above
15

Which statements describe how you can use cognitive dissonance in a practical way in terms of persuasion?
A)Do not overplay a reward-punishment scheme and work to build trust.
B)Try to offer enough encouragement to get the other person to step outside the normal patterns of thinking.
C)Try to get the other person to appreciate the consequences of behavior for others.
D)All of the above.
16

Cognitive dissonance is a distressing mental state when opinions we hold go against our beliefs.
A)True
B)False
17

The need to avoid dissonance is as basic as the need to eat.
A)True
B)False
18

Choosing to avoid watching a movie that goes against your value system is a strategy called minimal justification.
A)True
B)False
19

Dissonance is increased the more important the issue is.
A)True
B)False
20

The longer an individual delays in choosing between two equally attractive options the greater the feeling of dissonance.
A)True
B)False





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