Web Summary

There are four principal types of Internet physical connections: (1) Telephone (dial-up) modem connection is low-speed but inexpensive (up to 56 Kbps). (2) High-speed phone connections are ISDN (up to 128 Kbps), which transmits over traditional phone lines; DSL (up to 8.4 Mbps), also using traditional phone lines; and T1 (1.5 Mbps), a special trunk line. (3) Cable modems (10 Mbps) connect to cable TV systems. (4) Wireless systems include microwave systems, such as communications satellites or space stations (up to 56 Kbps).

E-mail allows users to send attachments, or separate long documents, with their e-mail messages. It also allows instant messaging (IM), in which incoming messages are displayed at once in a window, a rectangular area on screen. You can exchange e-mail from people worldwide with similar interests through list-serves, or e-mail mailing lists.

The two basic rules of online behavior, or netiquette, are these: Don't waste people's time, and don't say anything online you wouldn't say to someone's face. In particular, you should always first consult FAQs, or Frequently Asked Questions; avoid flaming, such as insults or obscenities; and smooth communication using emoticons, or friendly graphic symbols.

To manage your e-mail, filters or instant organizers are recommended. In addition, you will need to know how to manage spam, or unsolicited e-mail. Finally, assume e-mail messages are not private: Anyone could read them.

A computer with a domain name (.com, .org, and the like) is called a site, and a Website is the location of a Web domain name in a computer somewhere on the Internet. A Web page is a document (with text, pictures, sound) on the Web; the first page on the Web site is the home page. A Web browser, software for viewing and connecting to Web pages, is used to connect with the Web site's address, or Universal Resource Locator (URL). A URL, such as http://www.nps.gov/yose/camping.htm, consists of (1) the protocol, or communication rules -- in particular, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the protocol for connecting with Web servers, (2) the Web server name, (3) the directory, and (4) the file (perhaps with an extension, such as htm).

To get around the Web with a browser, you start out from the home page (which you can personalize or customize), then use directional features (Back, Forward, Home, Search), history lists (to keep track of where you've been), and bookmarks (to mark favorite URLs). To interact with a Web page, you use your mouse to click on hyperlinks, click on radio buttons (circles in front of options), and enter content in fill-in boxes. You can also click on scroll arrows to do scrolling -- move up and down the Web page.

A starting point for obtaining information is a Web portal, a site (such as AOL or Yahoo!) that provides popular features such as search tools. You can check the portal's home page; use a directory or category of topics; or use a keyword, or subject word, to search for a topic. You can also use a search engine to find specific documents through keyword searches and menu choices. Search engines may be human-organized, computer-created, hybrid, or metacrawlers. Among the search strategies are use of quotation marks around search terms and use of operators (AND, OR, NOT, +, 2).

Multimedia on the Web may require a plug-in (or player or viewer), a program on the browser that allows certain files to be played or viewed. Helper applications run multimedia elements separate from the browser. Web-site developers use applets (small multimedia programs) written in Java, a programming language for creating animated, interctive Web pages. Animation is rapid sequencing of still images. Streaming video transfers data in a continuous flow. Streaming audio lets you listen to a file as it is being downloaded. Push technology, such as webcasting, automatically downloads data to your computer -- customized text, video, and audio. Internet telephony allows you to make phone calls on the Net.

The Internet offers personal resources -- the ability to do online matchmaking, acquire an online education through distance learning, get health information, and amuse yourself. It also offers e-commerce, or online business activities, such as retail commerce online ("e-tailing"); online auctions; online finance; online job hunting; and B2B commerce, for business-to-business commerce, or the exchange of goods and services directly between companies.