1			The epididymis is a _____ and it functions to _____.
			A)	compartment inside a testis; secrete testosterone and form sperm
			B)	stage of spermatogenesis; form two sperm cells and semen
			C)	tightly coiled tube on the outside of the testis; store immature sperm as they mature
			D)	compartment that contains seminiferous tubules; ejaculate sperm and semen out of the penis
2			The structure of a testis can be described as composed of
			A)	lobules that are filled with seminiferous tubules.
			B)	seminiferous tubules lined with germinal epithelium that produces sex cells.
			C)	seminiferous tubules that unite to form the rete testis, which joins the epididymis.
			D)	All of the above.

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3			Which of the following terms is correctly defined?
			A)	cryptorchidism: failure of testes to descend into scrotum
			B)	semen: additive from prostate gland
			C)	puberty: stage of development before the reproductive organs become functional
			D)	primordial follicle: the first stage of meiosis for oogenesis

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4			Which of the following structures are unpaired?
			A)	seminal vesicle
			B)	vas deferens
			C)	bulbourethral gland
			D)	prostate gland
5			Undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called
			A)	spermatogonia.
			B)	primary spermatocytes.
			C)	secondary spermatocytes.
			D)	spermatids.
6			Sperm cells are stored primarily in the
			A)	vas deferens.
			B)	ejaculatory ducts.
			C)	epididymis.
			D)	seminal vesicles.

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7			The acrosome of a sperm cell contains
			A)	the chromosomes
			B)	mitochondria for energy production
			C)	testosterone
			D)	hyaluronidase for egg penetration

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8			Which of the following cells are diploid?
			A)	secondary oocytes
			B)	secondary spermatocytes
			C)	primary spermatocytes
			D)	spermatids
9			Final maturation of sperm cells occurs in the
			A)	epididymis
			B)	seminiferous tubules
			C)	prostate gland.
			D)	urethra
10			Seminal vesicles produce
			A)	sperm cells.
			B)	testosterone.
			C)	fructose-rich fluid.
			D)	estrogen.
11			The normal number of spermatozoa per milliliter of semen is
			A)	approximately 500,000
			B)	fewer than 20,000,000
			C)	more than 2,000,000,000.
			D)	75,000,000 to 400,000,000
12			During spermatogenesis, which of the following undergoes a meiotic division to produce haploid cells?
			A)	spermatids
			B)	secondary spermatocytes
			C)	primary spermatocytes
			D)	spermatogonia
13			The function of the cremaster muscle is to
			A)	elevate the testes during sexual arousal and exposure to cold
			B)	generate peristaltic waves in the ductus deferens
			C)	control the release of secretions from the seminal vesicles
			D)	control the release of sperm cells from the testes into the epididymis
14			The form (stage) of developing male gamete located nearest to the basement membrane of a seminiferous tubule is the
			A)	spermatid
			B)	primary spermatocyte
			C)	secondary spermatocyte
			D)	spermatogonium
15			Leydig cells are located
			A)	in all the male accessory reproductive organs.
			B)	interspersed among developing sperm cells in seminiferous tubules.
			C)	lining the epididymis and ductus deferens.
			D)	in spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules.
16			The immune system does NOT normally attack spermatogenic cells because
			A)	they are recognized as "self" structures.
			B)	they do not have any antigens on their cell membranes.
			C)	spermatogenic cells are protected by the blood-testis barrier.
			D)	the acrosome covers any antigens that would be recognized as foreign.
17			The process of crossing-over, or recombination, of genes occurs during
			A)	meiosis I.
			B)	meiosis II.
			C)	spermiogenesis.
			D)	spermiation.
18			All of the following are part of the spermatic cord EXCEPT the
			A)	testicular artery.
			B)	lymphatic vessels.
			C)	ductus deferens.
			D)	ejaculatory duct.
19			The function of fructose in semen is to
			A)	provide an energy source for ATP production by sperm.
			B)	promote coagulation of semen in the female reproductive tract.
			C)	buffer acids in the female reproductive tract.
			D)	inhibit the growth of bacteria in semen and the female reproductive tract.
20			The seminal vesicles are located
			A)	inferior to the prostate within the urogenital diaphragm.
			B)	within the lobules of the testes.
			C)	within the spermatic cord.
			D)	posterior and inferior to the urinary bladder, in front of the rectum.
21			Which of the following does NOT manufacture products that become part of semen?
			A)	seminiferous tubules
			B)	bulbourethral glands
			C)	penis
			D)	seminal vesicles
22			The amount of testosterone in the blood is increased by
			A)	a high level of testosterone stimulating the hypothalamus.
			B)	the hypothalamus stimulating the testes to release LH.
			C)	LH causing the interstitial cells to release testosterone.
			D)	a high level of testosterone stimulating the testes to release more LH.
23			If the testes fail to descend, a male is infertile because sperm cell formation is prevented by
			A)	relatively high internal body temperature.
			B)	excessive production of estrogen.
			C)	lack of testosterone.
			D)	None of the above.
24			The hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics is
			A)	ICSH.
			B)	FSH.
			C)	testosterone.
			D)	gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
25			Male reproductive functions are controlled mainly by hormones from the hypothalamus,
			A)	posterior pituitary and adrenal glands.
			B)	anterior pituitary and adrenal glands.
			C)	posterior pituitary gland and testes.
			D)	anterior pituitary gland and testes.
26			The last fluid to be expelled from the urethra during ejaculation comes from the
			A)	testes.
			B)	bulbourethral gland.
			C)	prostate gland.
			D)	seminal vesicles.
27			The interstitial cells of the testes produce
			A)	seminal fluid
			B)	egg cells
			C)	sperm cells
			D)	androgens
28			Testosterone is produced by
			A)	spermatozoa.
			B)	sustentacular cells.
			C)	interstitial cells
			D)	the hypothalamus.
29			Maintenance of the male secondary sex characteristics is the direct responsibility of
			A)	estrogen.
			B)	testosterone.
			C)	FSH.
			D)	progesterone.
30			A function of FSH in the male is to
			A)	inhibit progesterone.
			B)	initiate testosterone production.
			C)	increase protein synthesis.
			D)	initiate spermatogenesis.
31			In the male, LH causes
			A)	initiation of spermatogenesis.
			B)	development of secondary sex characteristics.
			C)	testosterone production.
			D)	ejaculation.
32			The principal androgen is
			A)	ABP.
			B)	FSH.
			C)	testosterone.
			D)	HCG.
33			Egg cells are transported in the female reproductive tract by the ____, whereas sperm are transported in the male reproductive tract by the _____.
			A)	action of ciliated epithelium in the uterine tubes; movements of their tails
			B)	activity of seminal vesicle secretion; activity of prostate gland secretions
			C)	peristaltic contractions of the vaginal wall; peristaltic contractions of the uterus
			D)	movement of their tails; lashing movements of their tails
34			The first step in oogenesis is a
			A)	secondary oocyte divides to form a polar body and an egg cell.
			B)	primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body.
			C)	follicle is converted to a corpus luteum.
			D)	corpus luteum is converted to a corpus albicans.

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35			Which of the following terms is/are correctly defined?
			A)	ovulation: rupture of an ovarian follicle and release of a secondary oocyte and first polar body.
			B)	vestibule: space enclosed by the labia minora.
			C)	orgasm: pleasurable sense of physiological and psychological release.
			D)	All of the above
36			A Pap smear is used to detect the presence of abnormal cells in the
			A)	urethra.
			B)	ovary.
			C)	cervix.
			D)	vagina.
37			The cell commonly called the egg, or ovum, is more correctly called a(n)
			A)	primary oocyte.
			B)	secondary oocyte.
			C)	oogonium.
			D)	zygote.

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38			In females, what structure is located immediately anterior to the vagina?
			A)	uterus
			B)	ovary
			C)	rectum and anus
			D)	pubic symphysis

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39			The tubular portion of the uterus that extends downward into the upper part of the vagina is the
			A)	ostium uteri
			B)	cervix
			C)	perimetrium
			D)	endometrium

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40			The female structure that is the homolog of the male penis is the
			A)	vagina
			B)	clitoris
			C)	vestibule
			D)	labia minora
41			The first meiotic division in oogenesis occurs
			A)	before ovulation.
			B)	only if the egg is fertilized.
			C)	after ovulation.
			D)	monthly after puberty in response to FSH and LH.

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42			The female structure that is homologous to the testis is the
			A)	ovary.
			B)	uterus.
			C)	vagina.
			D)	clitoris.
43			The glycoprotein layer between the oocyte and the granulosa cells of an ovarian follicle is called the
			A)	theca interna.
			B)	theca externa
			C)	antrum.
			D)	zona pellucida.

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44			The uterus is located between the
			A)	urinary bladder and the pubic symphysis
			B)	rectum and the sacrum
			C)	urinary bladder and the rectum
			D)	kidneys in the same horizontal plane
45			The opening between the cervical canal and the uterine cavity is called the
			A)	internal os.
			B)	external os.
			C)	isthmus.
			D)	fornix.
46			The folds of the peritoneum attaching the uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity are called the
			A)	uterosacral ligaments
			B)	broad ligaments
			C)	cardinal ligaments
			D)	round ligaments
47			The epithelium of the vaginal mucosa is
			A)	simple squamous.
			B)	simple cuboidal.
			C)	simple columnar.
			D)	stratified squamous.
48			The female structure that is homologous to the scrotum is the
			A)	mons pubis.
			B)	labia majora.
			C)	labia minora.
			D)	clitoris.
49			The female perineum
			A)	is divided into two triangles.
			B)	contains the external genitalia.
			C)	may tear during childbirth.
			D)	All of the above

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50			The major hormonal changes that occur in the maternal body during pregnancy are
			A)	placental tissues secrete high amounts of estrogen and progesterone
			B)	the breasts secrete placental lactogen, which stimulates the placenta to develop
			C)	decreased secretion of aldosterone, which leads to sodium retention
			D)	All of the above

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51			In the menstrual cycle, estrogen functions to _____, whereas progesterone functions to _____.
			A)	stimulate erection of the clitoris; stimulate the uterine lining to become more glandular
			B)	cause ejection of milk from the mammary glands; cause the formation of milk
			C)	stimulate uterine wall development; stimulate the uterine lining to become more glandular
			D)	inhibit the release of FSH; stimulate the release of FSH
52			The hormone commonly measured in a pregnancy test is
			A)	estrogen
			B)	progesterone
			C)	HCG
			D)	ADH
53			One of the more common causes of female infertility is failure of ovulation due to hyposecretion of hormones from the
			A)	anterior pituitary gland.
			B)	posterior pituitary gland.
			C)	adrenal gland.
			D)	ovary.
54			Women athletes sometimes experience disturbances in their menstrual cycles because of
			A)	increased secretion of adrenal androgens
			B)	decreased secretion of adrenal androgens
			C)	increased synthesis of GnRH
			D)	decreased synthesis of GnRH
55			During pregnancy
			A)	progesterone alone causes the ductile system of the mammary glands to grow and branch
			B)	estrogen alone stimulates the development of milk-producing glands
			C)	milk production is inhibited by prolactin
			D)	None of the above.
56			The hormone oxytocin aids the birth process by stimulating
			A)	fetal muscular movements
			B)	uterine wall contractions
			C)	an increase in progesterone secretion
			D)	an increase in estrogen secretion
57			The hormones mainly responsible for maintaining the uterine wall during the last 5-6 months of pregnancy are
			A)	FSH and LH
			B)	human chorionic gonadotropin
			C)	placental lactogen
			D)	placental estrogen and progesterone
58			Menopausal females often experience unpleasant symptoms, such as "hot flashes," as a result of
			A)	an increase in gonadotropin concentration and a decrease in estrogen concentration
			B)	an increase in gonadotropin concentration and an increase in estrogen concentration
			C)	a decrease in gonadotropin concentration and an increase in estrogen concentration
			D)	a decrease in gonadotropin concentration and a decrease in estrogen concentration
59			During the menstrual cycle, LH is at its highest levels
			A)	during the menstrual phase
			B)	just prior to ovulation
			C)	just after ovulation
			D)	just before menstruation begins
60			During the menstrual cycle, progesterone would be at its highest levels
			A)	during the menstrual phase
			B)	just prior to ovulation
			C)	just after ovulation
			D)	late in the postovulatory phase
61			During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium would be at its thickest
			A)	during the menstrual phase
			B)	just prior to ovulation
			C)	just after ovulation
			D)	late in the postovulatory phase

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62			During the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced by
			A)	the secondary oocyte.
			B)	the corpus luteum.
			C)	the stroma of the ovary.
			D)	primary follicles.
63			The part of the female reproductive system that is shed during menstruation is the
			A)	myometrium
			B)	mucosa of the vagina
			C)	tunica albuginea
			D)	stratum functionalis of the endometrium
64			The main function of progesterone during the menstrual cycle is to
			A)	initiate ovulation
			B)	initiate menstruation
			C)	thicken the endometrium
			D)	repair the surface of the ovary after ovulation
65			ALL of the following are functions of estrogens EXCEPT
			A)	help control fluid and electrolyte balance
			B)	promote protein anabolism
			C)	help regulate secretion of FSH
			D)	raise blood cholesterol
66			If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum
			A)	is expelled into the pelvic cavity.
			B)	begins to secrete low levels of FSH.
			C)	degenerates into the corpus albicans.
			D)	continues to secrete progesterone until the next ovulation.
67			Following ovulation, a human egg cell can survive approximately
			A)	1 hour
			B)	12 hours
			C)	24 hours
			D)	72 hours
68			About the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary gland releases a relatively large quantity of
			A)	estrogen
			B)	progesterone
			C)	LH
			D)	androgen
69			The hormone mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is
			A)	estrogen
			B)	progesterone
			C)	androgen
			D)	luteinizing hormone