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| 1 | |
The tissue surrounding an entire muscle is known as |
| | A) | epimysium. |
| | B) | perimysium. |
| | C) | endomysium. |
| | D) | superficial mysium. |
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| 2 | |
The tissue that surrounds a muscle cell (myofiber) is known as |
| | A) | epimysium |
| | B) | perimysium |
| | C) | endomysium |
| | D) | superficial mysium |
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| 3 | |
Muscle fibers are bundled into groups known as
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| | A) | myotendrils |
| | B) | endomysium |
| | C) | myosin |
| | D) | fascicles |
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| 4 | |
Bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles) are wrapped by a tissue known as
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| | A) | epimysium |
| | B) | perimysium |
| | C) | endomysium |
| | D) | superficial mysium |
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| 5 | |
A connective tissue on the surface of muscles (that extends onto the tendon and bone) is known as |
| | A) | fascia |
| | B) | perimysium |
| | C) | endomysium |
| | D) | connective to muscle tissue |
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| 6 | |
One of the characteristics of muscle tissue is that is has conductivity. Which of the following best describes this characteristic? |
| | A) | Muscles contract when stimulated. |
| | B) | Muscles have local electrical charges that are capable of moving along the muscle fiber. |
| | C) | Muscles only pull; they cannot push. |
| | D) | Muscles can stretch when needed. |
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| 7 | |
One of the characteristics of muscle tissue is that is has extensibility. Which of the following best describes this characteristic? |
| | A) | Muscles contract when stimulated. |
| | B) | Muscles have local electrical charges that move along the muscle fiber. |
| | C) | Muscles only pull; they cannot push. |
| | D) | Muscles can stretch when needed. |
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| 8 | |
One of the characteristics of muscle tissue is that is has excitability. Which of the following best describes this characteristic? |
| | A) | Muscles contract when stimulated. |
| | B) | Muscles have local electrical charges that move along the muscle fiber. |
| | C) | Muscles only pull; they cannot push. |
| | D) | Muscles can stretch when needed. |
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| 9 | |
Which of the following groups are considered to be parts of the series-elastic components of muscle? |
| | A) | actin and myosin |
| | B) | ligaments and tendons |
| | C) | thick and thin filaments |
| | D) | endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, fascia, and tendons |
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| 10 | |
Which of the following best describes the function of the series-elastic component of muscle? |
| | A) | These components help the muscle contract. |
| | B) | The components help maintain muscle tone. |
| | C) | These are not excitable or contractile, but are extensible and elastic. |
| | D) | These assist the thick and thin filaments to contract. |
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| 11 | |
What part of a muscle is the muscle fiber? |
| | A) | actin and myosin component |
| | B) | series-elastic component |
| | C) | muscle cell itself |
| | D) | nuclei and the mitochondria |
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| 12 | |
The outer membrane of the muscle fiber is known as the |
| | A) | cell surface membrane. |
| | B) | sarcolemma. |
| | C) | sarcoplasm. |
| | D) | sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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| 13 | |
The cytoplasm within the muscle fiber is known as the |
| | A) | myoglobin component. |
| | B) | sarcolemma. |
| | C) | sarcoplasm. |
| | D) | sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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| 14 | |
The cytoplasm within the muscle fiber contains a molecule to distribute oxygen within the cell. This molecule is known as |
| | A) | myoglobin |
| | B) | sarcolemma |
| | C) | hemoglobin. |
| | D) | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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| 15 | |
The molecule within the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber that supplies quick energy for contraction is |
| | A) | fructose. |
| | B) | glycogen. |
| | C) | sucrose. |
| | D) | ADP. |
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| 16 | |
The myofilaments within the muscle fiber are composed of three integral items. Which of the following lists the components correctly? |
| | A) | myosin, actin, and elastic (titin) filament. |
| | B) | thick, thin, and straight filaments |
| | C) | A, H, and B filaments |
| | D) | sarcoplasm and sarcolemma components |
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| 17 | |
Thick filaments within the myofibril are composed of |
| | A) | actin |
| | B) | myosin |
| | C) | titin |
| | D) | sarconin |
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| 18 | |
Thin filaments within the myofibril are composed primarily of |
| | A) | actin |
| | B) | myosin |
| | C) | titin |
| | D) | sarconin |
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| 19 | |
The elastic filaments within a myofibril are composed of molecules known as |
| | A) | tropomyosin. |
| | B) | titin. |
| | C) | troponin. |
| | D) | ADP |
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| 20 | |
The elastic filaments within a myofibril are attached to and wound around, which of the following? |
| | A) | myosin |
| | B) | troponin |
| | C) | actin |
| | D) | sarcolemma |
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| 21 | |
In the myofibril, ATP is used for which of the following? |
| | A) | muscle tone |
| | B) | muscle contraction |
| | C) | muscle relaxation |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 22 | |
Which of the following tissues has the greatest ability to repair itself? |
| | A) | skeletal muscle |
| | B) | cardiac muscle |
| | C) | smooth muscle |
| | D) | all have about the same ability |
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| 23 | |
Of the following muscles types, which one has long, cylindrical-shaped cells? |
| | A) | skeletal muscle |
| | B) | cardiac muscle |
| | C) | smooth muscle |
| | D) | all are about the same |
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| 24 | |
Of the following muscle types, which one has only one nucleus? |
| | A) | skeletal muscle |
| | B) | cardiac muscle |
| | C) | smooth muscle |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 25 | |
Of the following muscle types, which one does NOT have striations? |
| | A) | skeletal muscle |
| | B) | cardiac muscle |
| | C) | smooth muscle |
| | D) | None of the above. |
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| 26 | |
Of the following muscle types, which one is usually voluntary? |
| | A) | skeletal muscle |
| | B) | cardiac muscle |
| | C) | smooth muscle |
| | D) | None of the above. |
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| 27 | |
Objects that move through organs that are surrounded by smooth muscle are often moved by means of |
| | A) | neuron stimulated control. |
| | B) | peristalsis. |
| | C) | wave summation movement. |
| | D) | treppe patterns. |
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| 28 | |
Of the following muscle types, which one is found in the middle layer of the aorta? |
| | A) | skeletal muscle |
| | B) | cardiac muscle |
| | C) | smooth muscle |
| | D) | None of the above. |
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| 29 | |
The "all-or-none" concept of skeletal muscle contraction means that |
| | A) | all muscles contract completely and not partially. |
| | B) | muscle fascicles contract completely. |
| | C) | muscle fibers contract completely. |
| | D) | all of the actin and myosin molecules contract. |
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| 30 | |
Which of the following best describes the use of muscle tone in the body? |
| | A) | It keeps heart muscle activated and functional. |
| | B) | It keeps smooth muscles in a ready state. |
| | C) | It prevents fatigue. |
| | D) | It keeps our backs straight and our heads up. |
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| 31 | |
Action potential frequency is best described as: |
| | A) | The strength of the muscle contractions. |
| | B) | The size of the muscle contracting. |
| | C) | The speed of muscle contractions |
| | D) | The number of action potentials produced per unit of time. |
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| 32 | |
Triads in skeletal muscle consist of which of the following? |
| | A) | sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions |
| | B) | sarcoplasmic reticulum, terminal cisterna, sarcoplasm |
| | C) | two terminal cisternae and a T-tubule. |
| | D) | two T-tubules and one terminal cisterna |
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| 33 | |
When acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft, what happens to the choline? |
| | A) | It is destroyed. |
| | B) | It is made into new acetylcholinesterase. |
| | C) | It is reabsorbed at the presynaptic terminal and combined with more acetic acid to make acetylcholine. |
| | D) | It is taken up at the postsynaptic terminal. |
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| 34 | |
The recovery stroke in muscle contraction involves which of the following? |
| | A) | movement of the myosin molecule while the cross-bridge is attached |
| | B) | return of the myosin head to its original position after the cross bridge releases |
| | C) | actin slides on myosin |
| | D) | myosin slides on actin |
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| 35 | |
Which of the following is one of the primary functions of muscle tissue? |
| | A) | regeneration of mass |
| | B) | heat production |
| | C) | growth |
| | D) | the ability to last forever |
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| 36 | |
The ability of a muscle to be stimulated is called |
| | A) | contractility |
| | B) | elasticity |
| | C) | extensibility |
| | D) | excitability |
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| 37 | |
Which of the following muscles is involuntary and is the most widely found throughout the body? |
| | A) | skeletal |
| | B) | smooth |
| | C) | cardiac |
| | D) | somatic |
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| 38 | |
Which of the following types of muscles contain intercalated discs and branching fibers? |
| | A) | skeletal |
| | B) | smooth |
| | C) | cardiac |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 39 | |
Which of the following muscle types contains peripherally located, multiple nuclei in its cells? |
| | A) | skeletal |
| | B) | cardiac |
| | C) | smooth |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 40 | |
The striations in striated muscle correspond with actual molecular structures. Which of the following is the Z line? |
| | A) | a band where only actin molecules are found |
| | B) | a band where only myosin molecules are found |
| | C) | an attachment point for actin molecules |
| | D) | an attachment point for myosin molecules |
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| 41 | |
The striations in striated muscle correspond with actual molecular structures. Which of the following is the I band? |
| | A) | a band where only actin molecules are found |
| | B) | a band where only myosin molecules are found |
| | C) | an attachment point for actin molecules |
| | D) | an attachment point for myosin molecules |
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| 42 | |
The striations in striated muscle correspond with actual molecular structures. Which of the following is the H band? |
| | A) | a band where only actin molecules are found |
| | B) | a band where only myosin molecules are found |
| | C) | an attachment point for actin molecules |
| | D) | an attachment point for myosin molecules |
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| 43 | |
Which of the following is the A band within a myofibril? |
| | A) | actin myofilaments in profile |
| | B) | myosin myofilaments in profile |
| | C) | Z disks in profile |
| | D) | gaps between the actin and myosin myofilaments |
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| 44 | |
Which of the following is the unit in a myofibril from Z line to Z line? |
| | A) | sarcomere |
| | B) | sarcolemma |
| | C) | somatic motor fibers |
| | D) | thick and thin filaments uniting |
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| 45 | |
Which of the following best describes a muscle motor unit? |
| | A) | a section of myofibrils from Z lines to Z lines |
| | B) | one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by that nerve |
| | C) | all of the nerves that unite to make a whole muscle contract |
| | D) | all of the fascicles innervated by several neurons |
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| 46 | |
On the surface of the sarcolemma, the voltage may shift up and down rapidly. This change in electrical potential caused by shifts in ions across the membrane is known as a(n) |
| | A) | action potential |
| | B) | myosin potential |
| | C) | energy of dissipation |
| | D) | all-or-none potential energy |
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| 47 | |
During an action potential, calcium is released into the sarcoplasm, near the actin and myosin molecules. Which of the following is the best explanation of what the calcium does? |
| | A) | The calcium binds to the actin and myosin and makes them work together. |
| | B) | The calcium breaks apart ATP to ADP and P. |
| | C) | The calcium removes the tropomyosin block. |
| | D) | The calcium causes the release of acetylcholine. |
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| 48 | |
When the myosin head (of the thick filament) flexes into a bend, while releasing ADP and inorganic phosphate, pulling the thin filament along with it, this is called the |
| | A) | action reaction |
| | B) | power stroke |
| | C) | recovery stroke |
| | D) | muscle tone |
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| 49 | |
When the thick and the thin filaments pull together, which of the following is TRUE? |
| | A) | The Z to Z line unit moves apart. |
| | B) | The myofibril doubles in size. |
| | C) | The muscle loses tone. |
| | D) | The sarcomere gets shorter. |
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| 50 | |
The tissues of cardiac muscle have unique structures known as |
| | A) | circular muscle fibers |
| | B) | abundant elastic fibers |
| | C) | intercalated discs |
| | D) | pacemaker cells |
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| 51 | |
Intercalated discs are capable of doing which of the following? |
| | A) | allow for re-growth of damaged muscle cells |
| | B) | pass the resting potential to other cardiac cells |
| | C) | pass electrical stimulation to other cardiac cells |
| | D) | allow for cardiac tissue to expand and contract properly |
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| 52 | |
Which of the following is unique about cardiac muscle tissue? |
| | A) | The cells have large mitochondria. |
| | B) | The cells are large and wide. |
| | C) | There are very few nuclei within the cells. |
| | D) | There is no neuron innervation. |
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| 53 | |
Which of the following is TRUE of cardiac tissue? |
| | A) | It contains only small amounts of myoglobin and glycogen. |
| | B) | It has few nerve endings within the tissue. |
| | C) | The fibers are not arranged in bundles. |
| | D) | It has abundant glycogen and myoglobin and is aerobic |
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| 54 | |
Which of the following proteins attaches Z discs to myosin myofilaments? |
| | A) | nebulin |
| | B) | titin |
| | C) | actin |
| | D) | both A and C |
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| 55 | |
The functional connection between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber is called a(an) |
| | A) | T tubule. |
| | B) | I band. |
| | C) | synapse. |
| | D) | troponin-myosin component. |
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| 56 | |
When the neuron stimulates a muscle fiber, what molecule diffuses across the gap between them? |
| | A) | calcium |
| | B) | acetylcholine |
| | C) | sodium |
| | D) | sodium and potassium |
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| 57 | |
Once a signal molecule has left the neuron and binds to a receptor molecule on the surface of the muscle fiber, a sodium channel opens, allowing entry of sodium into the muscle fiber. Which substance is then released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
| | A) | calcium |
| | B) | acetylcholine |
| | C) | sodium |
| | D) | sodium and potassium |
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| 58 | |
Muscle fibers and neurons are called electrically excitable cells because |
| | A) | their membranes respond to electricity |
| | B) | their plasma membranes exhibit voltage changes in response to stimulation |
| | C) | their surfaces respond to the release of acetylcholine |
| | D) | they have junctional folds in the membranes that can trap electrical charges |
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| 59 | |
Movement of which of the following proteins causes exposure of the active sites on the actin molecule? |
| | A) | troponin |
| | B) | tropomyosin |
| | C) | myosin |
| | D) | acetylcholine |
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| 60 | |
What type of molecule is acetylcholine? |
| | A) | It is a protein. |
| | B) | It is a neurotransmitter. |
| | C) | It is an activator molecule. |
| | D) | It is a polarized molecule. |
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| 61 | |
Binding of acetylcholine with its receptor on muscle cells causes |
| | A) | opening of a ligand-gated sodium channel |
| | B) | a gap in the cell membrane for calcium diffusion |
| | C) | vesicle release of sodium ions |
| | D) | opening of a ligand-gated calcium channel |
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| 62 | |
What kind of molecule is ACh? |
| | A) | nucleic acid |
| | B) | protein |
| | C) | carbohydrate |
| | D) | lipid |
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| 63 | |
In the muscle fiber, what is the function of acetylcholinesterase? |
| | A) | It closes the neuromuscular junction to stop a muscle contraction. |
| | B) | It acts as a receptor for acetylcholine. |
| | C) | It deactivates acetylcholine. |
| | D) | It stimulates the synaptic knob into functioning. |
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| 64 | |
What is the voltage of the resting potential of the sarcolemma? |
| | A) | 70 mv |
| | B) | -70 mv |
| | C) | -45 mv |
| | D) | -15 mv |
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| 65 | |
Which of the following is a molecule that binds to a receptor? |
| | A) | acetylcholine |
| | B) | tropomyosin |
| | C) | acetylcholinesterase |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 66 | |
Which of the following assures quick removal of neurotransmitter at the junction between a nerve and a muscle? |
| | A) | acetylcholine |
| | B) | dopamine |
| | C) | acetylcholinesterase |
| | D) | PABA |
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| 67 | |
A buildup of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft without breakdown may cause which of the following? |
| | A) | spastic paralysis |
| | B) | treppe |
| | C) | myasthenia gravis |
| | D) | flaccid paralysis |
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| 68 | |
In a muscle twitch, which of the following represents the time between application of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction? |
| | A) | treppe |
| | B) | tetany |
| | C) | lag |
| | D) | relaxation |
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| 69 | |
Which of the following determines the height of the peaks in multiple motor unit summation? |
| | A) | the speed of stimuli |
| | B) | the amount of tension produced by the number of motor units responding |
| | C) | the strength of each stimulus |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 70 | |
Which of the following would represent incomplete tetanus? |
| | A) | multiple contractions with no relaxation |
| | B) | multiple contractions with slight relaxation |
| | C) | multiple contractions followed by a long rest period |
| | D) | a long rest period before contractions start |
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| 71 | |
Which of the following explains why treppe takes place in muscle contractions? |
| | A) | decreased calcium levels around the myofibrils |
| | B) | increased sodium around the myofibrils |
| | C) | increased calcium levels around the myofibrils |
| | D) | decreased potassium around the myofibrils |
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| 72 | |
Which of the following is true of an isometric muscle contraction? |
| | A) | The length of the muscle increases during the contraction. |
| | B) | responsible for rapid movements of the extremities |
| | C) | divided into concentric and eccentric |
| | D) | The amount of tension increases during the contraction. |
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| 73 | |
Eccentric muscle contractions occur when |
| | A) | a person slowly lowers a heavy weight |
| | B) | the length of the muscle does not change |
| | C) | a person rapidly raises a lighter weight |
| | D) | the length of the muscle decreases |
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| 74 | |
All of the following are true of muscle tone except |
| | A) | exists for long periods of time |
| | B) | depends on multiple motor units contracting in phase with each other |
| | C) | helps maintain the head upright |
| | D) | Tension in the whole muscle remains constant. |
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| 75 | |
Smooth body movements result from |
| | A) | large numbers of motor units in complete tetanus throughout the contraction. |
| | B) | small numbers of motor units firing in a "single twitch" fashion simultaneously. |
| | C) | isometric contractions only. |
| | D) | both incomplete and complete titanic contractions of motor units contracting out of phase with each other. |
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| 76 | |
Active tension in a muscle is defined as |
| | A) | the tension applied to load when the muscle is stretched but not stimulated. |
| | B) | the tension applied to a load when myofilaments within sarcomeres minimally overlap. |
| | C) | the tension applied to a load when the muscle contracts. |
| | D) | muscle contraction produced wholly from complete tetanus. |
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| 77 | |
The sum of active and passive tension is called |
| | A) | concentric tension. |
| | B) | total tension. |
| | C) | sarcomere tension. |
| | D) | treppe. |
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| 78 | |
Which of the following types of muscle fatigue represents depletion of ATP? |
| | A) | psychological |
| | B) | synaptic |
| | C) | muscular |
| | D) | physiological |
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| 79 | |
Which of the following types of fatigue is caused by the release of more acetylcholine than can be produced to replace it? |
| | A) | muscular |
| | B) | psychological |
| | C) | synaptic |
| | D) | physiological |
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| 80 | |
Muscle soreness can be produced by which of the following? |
| | A) | muscular fatigue |
| | B) | enzymes in the extracellular fluid commonly found within muscle |
| | C) | collagen in the extracellular fluid |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 81 | |
Which of the following represents extreme muscular fatigue when the muscle is incapable of either contracting or relaxing? |
| | A) | physiological contracture |
| | B) | physiological contraction |
| | C) | psychological fatigue |
| | D) | synaptic fatigue |
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| 82 | |
Which of the following energy storages source is most commonly used during the first 10 seconds of exercise? |
| | A) | ATP |
| | B) | creatine phosphate |
| | C) | lactic acid |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 83 | |
During anaerobic respiration, what is the net amount of ATP produced? |
| | A) | 4 ATP |
| | B) | 6 ATP |
| | C) | 20 ATP |
| | D) | 2 ATP |
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| 84 | |
Which of the following represents the amount of oxygen that is necessary for the body to recover from anaerobic respiration? |
| | A) | creatine phosphate utilization period |
| | B) | oxygen overload |
| | C) | oxygen debt |
| | D) | aerobic respiration |
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| 85 | |
All of the following are characteristics of slow-twitch fibers except |
| | A) | slow contraction. |
| | B) | large diameter. |
| | C) | good blood supply. |
| | D) | many mitochondria. |
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| 86 | |
All of the following are true about fast-twitch fibers except |
| | A) | high amount of myoglobin |
| | B) | rapid contraction |
| | C) | break down ATP rapidly |
| | D) | fewer mitochondria than slow-twitch fibers |
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| 87 | |
Which of the following is true about distribution of fast and slow-twitch fibers in the body? |
| | A) | Fast-twitch fibers are primarily found in long distance runners. |
| | B) | Slow-twitch fibers are usually more resistant to fatigue. |
| | C) | There is a clear separation of slow- and fast-twitch fibers in individual muscles. |
| | D) | Training does not influence the balance of fast- and slow-twitch fibers. |
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| 88 | |
A person with an arm immobilized in a cast for 6 weeks will |
| | A) | develop muscular hypertrophy. |
| | B) | decrease the number of muscle fibers. |
| | C) | develop muscular atrophy. |
| | D) | Both B and C. |
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| 89 | |
Which of the following effects of exercise elevate the body temperature? |
| | A) | elevated metabolism from the oxygen debt |
| | B) | vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin |
| | C) | skeletal muscle contractions |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 90 | |
Unitary smooth muscle is found in which of the following locations in the body? |
| | A) | digestive tract |
| | B) | reproductive tract |
| | C) | urinary tract |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 91 | |
Which of the following is true about smooth muscle? |
| | A) | The resting membrane potential is less negative than in skeletal muscle. |
| | B) | It responds in an "all or none" fashion. |
| | C) | It does not respond to hormones. |
| | D) | It has a faster speed of contraction than skeletal muscle. |
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| 92 | |
Which of the following are the most common neurotransmitters in smooth muscle? |
| | A) | dopamine and epinephrine |
| | B) | acetylcholine and epinephrine |
| | C) | acetylcholine and norepinephrine |
| | D) | acetylcholine and dopamine |
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| 93 | |
All of the following are properties of cardiac muscle cells except |
| | A) | intercalated discs |
| | B) | involuntary |
| | C) | branching fibers |
| | D) | shorter in duration of contraction than skeletal muscles. |
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| 94 | |
Which of the following is not an effect of aging on skeletal muscle? |
| | A) | increased time for muscle to respond to stimuli |
| | B) | increased myoglobin |
| | C) | increased recovery time |
| | D) | loss of muscle fibers |
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| 95 | |
Which of the following exercises slows the loss of muscle fibers in older people? |
| | A) | jogging |
| | B) | aerobic dancing |
| | C) | weight training |
| | D) | swimming |
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| 96 | |
Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle fibers in aging people? |
| | A) | The number of fibers decreases. |
| | B) | There is a decreased density of capillaries that supply muscle cells. |
| | C) | The number of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle decreases. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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