Review the image(s) and answer the following questions.

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1		How many electrons are required by energy level L for this level to be filled?
			A)	2
			B)	8
			C)	10
			D)	16
2		What energy level(s) must be filled with electrons before level M can hold electrons?
			A)	level N
			B)	level L
			C)	level K
			D)	levels K and L
3		How many protons are in the nucleus of an electrically neutral atom that has filled energy shells K, L, and M?
			A)	10
			B)	12
			C)	18
			D)	20

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4		Why is water a polar molecule?
			A)	Because water originated as ice.
			B)	Because the oxygen atom is so much larger than the hydrogen atoms that it exerts a greater pull on the electrons, creating an area of electronegativity.
			C)	The hydrogen atoms together create a greater pull on the electrons and cause the molecule to be polar.
			D)	The positive charges of the hydrogen ions repel electrons, sending them toward the oxygen end of the molecule.
5		What type of bond forms between each hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom of a water molecule?
			A)	ionic bond
			B)	hydrogen bond
			C)	covalent bond
			D)	double covalent bond
6		The unique molecular structure of water, its resultant polarity, and the hydrogen bonds that occur between adjacent water molecules, are responsible for what trait that is important to living organisms?
			A)	Water is a universal solvent.
			B)	Water molecules are cohesive.
			C)	The temperature of liquid water rises and falls slowly.
			D)	All of these are correct.

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7		Why is water considered "the universal solvent"?
			A)	Water dissolves any polar or nonpolar substance.
			B)	Water dissolves nonpolar substances readily, unlike most other fluids.
			C)	Water is considered the universal solvent only because of its abundance on the earth.
			D)	Water readily causes polar substances to come apart, making it an excellent biological solvent.
8		When salt crystals are placed in water, the sodium and chloride ions cannot reform salt crystals. Why not?
			A)	Water molecules form hydration spheres surrounding and separating the sodium and chloride ions.
			B)	In water, the ionic charges are reversed, so the sodium and chloride ions repel each other.
			C)	The salt crystals are permanently altered by being placed in water.
			D)	Chemical reactions occur when salt enters the water, making new compounds.

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9		What is true about the relationship between the pH of tomatoes and the pH of coffee?
			A)	Tomatoes are less acidic than coffee.
			B)	Tomatoes are 10X more acidic than coffee.
			C)	Coffee is 100X more alkaline than tomatoes.
			D)	Coffee is 10X more acidic than tomatoes.
10		What is true about a substance with a pH of 7?
			A)	The substance is neither acid or base.
			B)	It has 10-7 M hydrogen ion concentration.
			C)	The number of hydrogen ions equals the number of hydroxyl ions in solution.
			D)	All of these are correct.