Tools of the Laboratory: The Methods for Studying Microorganisms 57
Chapter 4
Procaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and Archaea 87
Chapter 5
Eucaryotic Cells and Microorganisms 123
Chapter 6
An Introduction to the Viruses 159
Chapter 7
Elements of Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth 187
Chapter 8
Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life 217
Chapter 9
Microbial Genetics 253
Chapter 10
Genetic Engineering: A Revolution in Molecular Biology 289
Chapter 11
Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes 319
Chapter 12
Drugs, Microbes, Host - The Elements of Chemotherapy 349
Chapter 13
Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease 383
Chapter 14
The Nature of Host Defenses 415
Chapter 15
The Acquisition of Specific Immunity and Its Applications 445
Chapter 16
Immunization and Immune Assays 475
Chapter 17
Disorders in Immunity 497
Chapter 18
Introduction to Identification Techniques in Medical Microbiology
537
Chapter 19
The Gram-Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance 577
Chapter 20
The Gram-Negative Bacilli of Medical Importance 605
Chapter 21
Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease 629
Chapter 22
The Fungi of Medical Importance 663
Chapter 23
The Parasites of Medical Importance 693
Chapter 24
Introduction to the Viruses of Medical Importance: The DNA Viruses
727
Chapter 25
The RNA Viruses of Medical Importance 751
Chapter 26
Environmental and Applied Microbiology 789
Contents
CHAPTER 1 The Main Themes of Microbiology 1
The Scope of Microbiology 2 The Impact of Microbes on Earth: Small Organisms with a Giant Effect 2
Microbial Involvement in Energy and Nutrient Flow 3
Human Use of Microorganisms 4
Infectious Diseases and the Human Condition 5 The General Characteristics of Microorganisms 7
Cellular Organization 7
A Note on Viruses 7
Microbial Dimensions: How Small Is Small? 7
Life-styles of Microorganisms 7 The Historical Foundations of Microbiology 8
The Development of the Microscope: "Seeing Is Believing" 8
The Establishment of the Scientific Method 10
The Development of Medical Microbiology 14 Taxonomy: Organizing, Classifying, and Naming Microorganisms 16
The Levels of Classification 17
Assigning Specific Names 18
The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms 18
Systems of Presenting a Universal Tree of Life 20
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 1.1
The Fall of Mysticism and the Rise of Microbiology 12
MEDICAL MICROFILE 1.2
The Serendipity of the Scientific Method: Discovering Drugs
16
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 21
Multiple-Choice Questions 22
Concept Questions 22
Critical-Thinking Questions 23
Internet Search Topics 23
CHAPTER 2 From Atoms to Cells: A Chemical Connection 25
Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules: Fundamental Building Blocks 25
Different Types of Atoms: Elements and Their Properties 26
The Major Elements of Life and Their Primary Characteristics
26 Bonds and Molecules 29
Covalent Bonds and Polarity: Molecules with Shared Electrons
29
Ionic Bonds: Electron Transfer Among Atoms 31
Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures of Molecules 34
Acidity, Alkalinity, and the pH Scale 35
The Chemistry of Carbon and Organic Compounds 36
Functional Groups of Organic Compounds 37 Macromolecules: Superstructures of Life 38
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Polysaccharides 38
Lipids: Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes 40
Proteins: Shapers of Life 42
The Nucleic Acids: A Cell Computer and Its Programs 47 Cells: Where Chemicals Come to Life 50
Fundamental Characteristics of Cells 50
Processes That Define Life 50
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 2.1
Searching for Ancient Life with Isotopes 28
MICROBITS 2.2
Redox: Electron Transfer and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
32
MICROBITS 2.3
Membranes: Cellular Skins 45
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 52
Multiple-Choice Questions 54
Concept Questions 55
Critical-Thinking Questions 55
Internet Search Topics 56
CHAPTER 3 Tools of the Laboratory: The Methods for Studying Microorganisms 57
Methods of Culturing Microorganisms-The Five I's 58
Inoculation: Producing a Culture 60
Isolation: Separating One Species from Another 60
Media: Providing Nutrients in the Laboratory 62
Incubation, Inspection, and Identification 68 The Microscope: Window on an Invisible Realm 70
Magnification and Microscope Design 70
Variations on the Optical Microscope 73
Electron Microscopy 75
Preparing Specimens for Optical Microscopes 77
MICROBITS 3.2
An Evolution in Resolution: Probing Microscopes 79
MICROBITS 3.3
The Chemistry of Dyes and Staining 80
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 82
Multiple-Choice Questions 83
Concept Questions 84
Critical-Thinking Questions 85
Internet Search Topics 85
CHAPTER 4 Procaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and Archaea 87
Procaryotic Form and Function: External Structure 88 The Structure of a Generalized Procaryotic Cell 88
Appendages: Cell Extensions 89
The Cell Envelope: The Outer Wrapping of Bacteria 92
Structure of the Cell Wall 95
Cell Membrane Structure 100 Bacterial Form and Function: Internal Structure 101
Contents of the Cell Cytoplasm 101
Bacterial Endospores: An Extremely Resistant Stage 102 Bacterial Shapes, Arrangements, and Sizes 104 Bacterial Identification and Classification Systems 108
Methods Used in Bacterial Identification 108
Classification Systems in the Procaryotae 109 Survey of Procaryotic Groups with Unusual Characteristics 112
Unusual Forms of Medically Significant Bacteria 114
Free-Living Nonpathogenic Bacteria 115
Archaea: The Other Procaryotes 117
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 4.1
Biofilms -- The Glue of Life 94
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 4.2
The Gram Stain: A Grand Stain 97
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 4.3
Redefining Bacterial Size 114
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 119
Multiple-Choice Questions 120
Concept Questions 121
Critical-Thinking Questions 122
Internet Search Topics 122
CHAPTER 5 Eucaryotic Cells and Microorganisms 123
The Nature of Eucaryotes 123 Form and Function of the Eucaryotic Cell: External Structures 126
Locomotor Appendages: Cilia and Flagella 126
Surface Structures: The Glycocalyx 127
The Cell Wall 127
The Cell Membrane 127 Form and Function of the Eucaryotic Cell: Internal Structures 128
The Nucleus: The Control Center 128
Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Passageway in the Cell 131
Golgi Apparatus: A Packaging Machine 131
Mitochondria: Energy Generators of the Cell 133
Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Machines 134
The Cytoskeleton: A Support Network 134
Ribosomes: Protein Synthesizers 134 Survey of Eucaryotic Microorganisms 135 The Kingdom of the Fungi 135
Fungal Nutrition 136
Organization of Microscopic Fungi 137
Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation 137
Fungal Classification 142
Fungal Identification and Cultivation 143
The Roles of Fungi in Nature and Industry 143 The Protists 144
The Algae: Photosynthetic Protists 144
Biology of the Protozoa 146 The Parasitic Helminths 153
General Worm Morphology 153
Life Cycles and Reproduction 153
A Helminth Cycle: The Pinworm 153
Helminth Classification and Identification 154
Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms 154
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 5.1
The Extraordinary Emergence of Eucaryotic Cells 125
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 5.2
The Many Faces of Fungi 139
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 155
Multiple-Choice Questions 156
Concept Questions 156
Critical-Thinking Questions 157
Internet Search Topics 157
CHAPTER 6 An Introduction to the Viruses 159
The Search for the Elusive Viruses 160 The Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum 160 The General Structure of Viruses 161
Size Range 161
Unique Viral Constituents: Capsids, Nucleic Acids, and Envelopes 162 How Viruses Are Classified and Named 167 Modes of Viral Multiplication 167
The Multiplication Cycle in Bacteriophages 170
Multiplication Cycles in Animal Viruses 173 Techniques in Cultivating and Identifying Animal Viruses 177
Using Live Animal Inoculation 177
Using Bird Embryos 177
Using Cell (Tissue) Culture Techniques 178 Medical Importance of Viruses 180
Other Noncellular Infectious Agents 180
Detection and Control of Viral Infections 180
Treatment of Animal Viral Infections 180
MEDICAL MICROFILE 6.1
A Positive View of Viruses 182
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 183
Multiple-Choice Questions 183
Concept Questions 184
Critical-Thinking Questions 185
Internet Search Topics 185
CHAPTER 7 Elements of Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth 187
Microbial Nutrition 188
Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm 188
Sources of Essential Nutrients 189
How Microbes Feed: Nutritional Types 192
Transport Mechanisms for Nutrient Absorption 195 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes 201
Temperature Adaptations 201
Gas Requirements 203
Effects of pH 203
Osmotic Pressure 204
Miscellaneous Environmental Factors 204
Ecological Associations Among Microorganisms 205
Interrelationships Between Microbes and Humans 206 The Study of Microbial Growth 207
The Basis of Population Growth: Binary Fission 207
The Rate of Population Growth 207
The Population Growth Curve 209
Stages in the Normal Growth Curve 209
Other Methods of Analyzing Population Growth 210
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 7.1
Life in the Extremes 190
MICROBITS 7.2
Dining with an Ameba 191
MICROBITS 7.3
Light-Driven Organic Synthesis 197
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 7.4
Cashing in on "Hot" Microbes 202
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 7.5
Life Together: Mutualism 206
MICROBITS 7.6
Steps in a Viable Plate Count -- Batch Culture Method 211
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 213
Multiple-Choice Questions 214
Concept Questions 215
Critical-Thinking Questions 216
Internet Search Topics 216
CHAPTER 8 Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life 217
The Metabolism of Microbes 218
Enzymes: Catalyzing the Chemical Reactions of Life 218
Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolic Pathways 226 The Pursuit and Utilization of Energy 228
Cell Energetics 229
A Closer Look at Biological Oxidation and Reduction 230
Adenosine Triphosphate: Metabolic Money 230 Pathways of Bioenergetics 232
Catabolism: An Overview of Nutrient Breakdown and Energy Release 232
Energy Strategies in Microorganisms 233
Pyruvic Acid -- A Central Metabolite 237
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle -- A Carbon and Energy Wheel
237
The Respiratory Chain: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
239
Summary of Aerobic Respiration 242
Anaerobic Respiration 243
The Importance of Fermentation 243 Biosynthesis and the Crossing Pathways of Metabolism 244
The Frugality of the Cell -- Waste Not, Want Not 245
MICROBITS 8.1
Enzymes as Biochemical Levers 219
MICROBITS 8.2
Unconventional Enzymes 224
MICROBITS 8.3
The Enzyme Name Game 225
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 8.4
Pasteur and the Wine-to-Vinegar Connection 245
MICROBITS 8.5
Fermentation and Biochemical Testing 246
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 248
Multiple-Choice Questions 249
Concept Questions 250
Critical-Thinking Questions 251
Internet Search Topics 251
CHAPTER 9 Microbial Genetics 253
Introduction to Genetics and Genes: Unlocking the Secrets of Heredity 253
The Nature of the Genetic Material 255
The DNA Code: A Simple Yet Profound Message 256
The Significance of DNA Structure 256
DNA Replication: Preserving the Code and Passing It On 257 Applications of the DNA Code: Transcription and Translation 262
The Gene-Protein Connection 262
The Major Participants in Transcription and Translation 263
Transcription: The First Stage of Gene Expression 265
Translation: The Second Stage of Gene Expression 266
Eucaryotic Transcription and Translation: Similar Yet Different
268
The Genetics of Animal Viruses 270 Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis and Metabolism 273
The Lactose Operon: A Model for Inducible Gene Regulation in
Bacteria 273
A Repressible Operon 275
Antibiotics That Affect Transcription and Translation 276 Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code 276
Causes of Mutations 276
Categories of Mutations 277
Repair of Mutations 278
The Ames Test 278
Positive and Negative Effects of Mutations 280 DNA Recombination Events 280
Transmission of Genetic Material in Bacteria 280
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 9.1
Deciphering the Structure of DNA 254
MICROBITS 9.2
The Packaging of DNA: Winding, Twisting, and Coiling 259
MICROBITS 9.3
Small RNAs: An Old Dog Shows Off Some New (?)Tricks 266
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 286
Multiple-Choice Questions 286
Concept Questions 287
Critical-Thinking Questions 288
Internet Search Topics 288
CHAPTER 10 Genetic Engineering: A Revolution in Molecular Biology 289
Basic Elements and Applications of Genetic Engineering 290 I. Tools and Techniques of Genetic Engineering 290
DNA: An Amazing Molecule 290 II. Methods in Recombinant DNA Technology: How to Imitate Nature 297
Technical Aspects of Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning 298
Construction of a Recombinant, Insertion into a Cloning Host,
and Genetic Expression 301 III. Biochemical Products of Recombinant DNA Technology 302 IV. Genetically Modified Organisms 303
Recombinant Microbes: Modified Bacteria and Viruses 303
Transgenic Plants: Improving Crops and Foods 303
Transgenic Animals: Engineering Embryos 303 V. Genetic Treatments: Introducing DNA into the Body 305
Gene Therapy 305
Antisense and Triplex DNA Technology: Genetic Medicines 307 VI. Genome Analysis: Maps, Fingerprints, and Family Trees 308
Genome Mapping and Screening: An Atlas of the Genome 309
DNA Fingerprinting: A Unique Picture of a Genome 311
MICROBITS 10.1
Okay, the Genome's Sequenced -- What's Next? 294
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 10.2
A Moment to Think 310
MICROBITS 10.3
Better Bioterrorism Through Biotechnology? 314
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 315
Multiple-Choice Questions 316
Concept Questions 317
Critical-Thinking Questions 317
Internet Search Topics 318
CHAPTER 11 Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes 319
Controlling Microorganisms 319
General Considerations in Microbial Control 320
Relative Resistance of Microbial Forms 320
Terminology and Methods of Microbial Control 321
What Is Microbial Death? 323
How Antimicrobial Agents Work: Their Modes of Action 324 Methods of Physical Control 326
Heat As an Agent of Microbial Control 326
The Effects of Cold and Desiccation 330
Radiation As a Microbial Control Agent 330
Sound Waves in Microbial Control 333
Sterilization by Filtration: Techniques for Removing Microbes
333 Chemical Agents in Microbial Control 334
Choosing a Microbicidal Chemical 334
Factors That Affect the Germicidal Activity of Chemicals 335
Germicidal Categories According to Chemical Group 336
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 11.1
Microbial Control in Ancient Times 320
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 11.2
Pathogen Paranoia: "The Only Good Microbe Is a Dead Microbe" 335
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 11.3
The Quest for Sterile Skin 343
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 11.4
Decontaminating Congress 345
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 346
Multiple-Choice Questions 347
Concept Questions 347
Critical-Thinking Questions 348
Internet Search Topics 348
CHAPTER 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host -- The Elements of Chemotherapy 349
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy 349
The Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs 351 Interactions Between Drug and Microbe 351
Mechanisms of Drug Action 353 Survey of Major Antimicrobial Drug Groups 357
Antibacterial Drugs 357
Synthetic Antibacterial Drugs 362
Agents to Treat Fungal Infections 363
Antiparasitic Chemotherapy 364
Antiviral Chemotherapeutic Agents 364
The Acquisition of Drug Resistance 367 Characteristics of Host-Drug Reactions 372
Toxicity to Organs 372
Allergic Responses to Drugs 372
Suppression and Alteration of the Microflora by Antimicrobics 373 Considerations in Selecting an Antimicrobic Drug 375
Identifying the Agent 375
Testing for the Drug Susceptibility of Microorganisms 375
The MIC and Therapeutic Index 377
An Antimicrobic Drug Dilemma 378
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 12.1
From Witchcraft to Wonder Drugs 350
MICROBITS 12.2
A Modern Quest for Designer Drugs 352
MICROBITS 12.3
Household Remedies -- From Apples to Zinc 367
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 12.4
The Rise of Drug Resistance 370
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 379
Multiple-Choice Questions 381
Concept Questions 381
Critical-Thinking Questions 382
Internet Search Topics 382
CHAPTER 13 Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease 383
The Human Host 383
Contact, Infection, Disease -- A Continuum 383
Resident Flora: The Human As a Habitat 384
Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions 386 The Progress of an Infection 391
The Portal of Entry: Gateway to Infection 391
The Size of the Inoculum 393
Mechanisms of Invasion and Establishment of the Pathogen 393
Signs and Symptoms: Warning Signals of Disease 398
The Portal of Exit: Vacating the Host 400
The Persistence of Microbes and Pathologic Conditions 400 Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations 401
Who, When, and Where? Tracking Disease in the Population 401
Reservoirs: Where Pathogens Persist 403
How and Why? The Acquisition and Transmission of Infectious
Agents 406
Nosocomial Infections: The Hospital As a Source of Disease
408
Which Agent Is the Cause? Using Koch's Postulates to Determine
Etiology 409
MICROBITS 13.1
Life Without Flora 390
MEDICAL MICROFILE 13.2
The Classic Stages of Clinical Infections 398
MICROBITS 13.3
A Quick Guide to the Terminology of Infection and Disease
399
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 13.4
The History of Human Guinea Pigs 411
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 411
Multiple-Choice Questions 412
Concept Questions 413
Critical-Thinking Questions 414
Internet Search Topics 414
CHAPTER 14 The Nature of Host Defenses 415
Defense Mechanisms of the Host in Perspective 415
Barriers at the Portal of Entry: A First Line of Defense 416 Introducing the Immune System 418 Systems Involved in Immune Defenses 419
The Communicating Body Compartments 420 Nonspecific Immune Reactions of the Body's Compartments 429
The Inflammatory Response: A Complex Concert of Reactions to
Injury 429
The Stages of Inflammation 429
Phagocytes: The Ever-Present Busybodies of Inflammation and
Specific Immunity 434
Contributors to the Body's Chemical Immunity 436 Specific Immunities: The Third and Final Line of Defense 439
MEDICAL MICROFILE 14.1
When Inflammation Gets Out of Hand 432
MEDICAL MICROFILE 14.2
The Dynamics of the Inflammatory Mediators 433
MEDICAL MICROFILE 14.3
Some Facts About Fever 434
MICROBITS 14.4
How Complement Works 441
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 441
Multiple-Choice Questions 442
Concept Questions 442
Critical-Thinking Questions 443
Internet Search Topics 443
CHAPTER 15 The Acquisition of Specific Immunity and Its Applications 445
Further Explorations into the Immune System 445 The Dual Nature of Specific Immune Responses 446
I. Development of the Dual Lymphocyte System 446
II. Entrance and Presentation of Antigens and Clonal Selection
446
III. B and III. T Activation of Lymphocytes and Clonal Expansion
446
IV. Products of B Lymphocytes: Antibody Structure and Functions
446
V. How T Cells Respond to Antigen: Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)
446 Essential Preliminary Concepts for Understanding Immune Reactions of Sections I-V 448
Markers on Cell Surfaces Involved in Recognition of Self and Nonself 448
The Origin of Diversity and Specificity in the Immune Response 449 The Lymphocyte Response System in Depth 452
I. Development of the Dual Lymphocyte System: Stages in Origin,
Differentiation, and Maturation 453
II. Entrance and Processing of Antigens and Clonal Selection
454
III. B Activation of B Lymphocytes: Clonal Expansion and Antibody
Production 457
IV. Products of B Lymphocytes: Antibody Structure and Functions
457
V. T Activation of T Lymphocytes and V. How T Cells Respond
to Antigen: Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) 463
A Practical Scheme for Classifying Specific Immunities 467
MEDICAL MICROFILE 15.1
Monoclonal Antibodies: Variety Without Limit 466
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 15.2
Lymphokines: Chemical Products of T Cells 468
MEDICAL MICROFILE 15.3
Breast Feeding: The Gift of Antibodies 469
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 470
Multiple-Choice Questions 471
Concept Questions 472
Critical-Thinking Questions 473
Internet Search Topics 473
CHAPTER 16 Immunization and Immune Assays 475
Practical Applications of Immunologic Function 475
Immunization: Methods of Manipulating Immunity for Therapeutic
Purposes 476
Serological and Immune Tests: Measuring the Immune Response in Vitro 482
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 16.1
The Lively History of Active Immunization 476
MEDICAL MICROFILE 16.2
When Positive Is Negative: How to Interpret Serological Test Results 484
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 493
Multiple-Choice Questions 493
Concept Questions 494
Critical-Thinking Questions 495
Internet Search Topics 495
CHAPTER 17 Disorders in Immunity 497
The Immune Response: A Two-Sided Coin 498 Overreactions to Antigens: Allergy/Hypersensitivity 498 Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis 499
Epidemiology and Modes of Contact with Allergens 499
The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of Entry 500
Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and Provocation
500
Cytokines, Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms 502
Specific Diseases Associated with IgE- and Mast Cell-Mediated
Allergy 504
Anaphylaxis: An Overpowering Systemic Reaction 505
Diagnosis of Allergy 505
Treatment and Prevention of Allergy 506 Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Foreign Cells 508
Human Blood Types 508
The Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types 508
Antibodies Against A and B Antigens 508
The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance 510
Other RBC Antigens 512 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions 513
Mechanisms of Immune Complex Disease 513
Types of Immune Complex Disease 513
An Inappropriate Response Against Self, or Autoimmunity 514 Type IV Hypersensitivities: Cell-Mediated (Delayed) Reactions 518
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity 518
T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation 518 Immunodeficiency Diseases: Hyposensitivity of the Immune System 523
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 523
Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases 525 Cancer: Cells Out of Control 526
Characteristics and Classification of Tumors and Cancers 526
The Function of the Immune System in Cancer 531
MEDICAL MICROFILE 17.1
Of What Value Is Allergy? 504
MEDICAL MICROFILE 17.2
Why Doesn't a Mother Reject Her Fetus? 512
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 17.3
Pretty, Pesky, Poisonous Plants 520
MEDICAL MICROFILE 17.4
The Mechanics of Bone Marrow Transplantation 522
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 17.5
An Answer to the Bubble Boy Mystery 526
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 17.6
Hot on the Trail of Cancer Clues 529
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 532
Multiple-Choice Questions 533
Concept Questions 534
Critical-Thinking Questions 534
Internet Search Topics 535
CHAPTER 18 Introduction to Identification Techniques in Medical Microbiology 537
Preface to the Survey of Microbial Diseases 537 On the Track of the Infectious Agent: Specimen Collection 537
Overview of Laboratory Techniques 538 Universal Blood and Body Fluid Precautions 542
Laboratory Biosafety Levels and Classes of Pathogens 543
MEDICAL MICROFILE M.1
Rashes, Rushes, and Flushes 538
Review of Clinical Laboratory Technology with Key Terms 544
Review Questions 545
Internet Search Topics 545
The Cocci of Medical Importance 547
General Characteristics of the Staphylococci 547
Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus 548
The Scope of Clinical Staphylococcal Disease 549
Host Defenses Against S. aureus 552
The Other Staphylococci 552
Identification of Staphylococcus in Clinical Samples 553
Clinical Concerns in Staphylococcal Infections 554 General Characteristics of the Streptococci and Related Genera 555
b-Hemolytic Streptococci: Streptococcus pyogenes 556
Group B: Streptococcus agalactiae 560
Group D Enterococci and Groups C and G Streptococci 560
Laboratory Identification Techniques 561
Treatment and Prevention of Streptococcal Infections 562
a-Hemolytic Streptococci: The Viridans Group 562 Streptococcus pneumoniae: The Pneumococcus 563 The Family Neisseriaceae: Gram-Negative Cocci 566 Neisseria gonorrhoeae: The Gonococcus 566 Neisseria meningitidis: The Meningococcus 569
Differentiating Pathogenic from Nonpathogenic Neisseria 571 Other Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli 572
MEDICAL MICROFILE 18.1
Tampons and TSS 549
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 18.2
Invasive Group A Streps and "Flesh-Eating" Syndrome 559
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 572
Multiple-Choice Questions 573
Concept Questions 574
Critical-Thinking Questions 575
Internet Search Topics 575
CHAPTER 19 The Gram-Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance 577
Medically Important Gram-Positive Bacilli 577 Gram-Positive Spore-Forming Bacilli 578
General Characteristics of the Genus Bacillus 578
The Genus Clostridium 580 Gram-Positive Regular Non-Spore-Forming Bacilli 587
An Emerging Food-Borne Pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes 587 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: A Zoonotic Pathogen 587 Gram-Positive Irregular Non-Spore-Forming Bacilli 588 Corynebacterium diphtheriae 588
The Genus Propionibacterium 590 Mycobacteria: Acid-Fast Bacilli 591 Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Tubercle Bacillus 591 Mycobacterium leprae: The Leprosy Bacillus 596
Infections by Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) 599 Actinomycetes: Filamentous Bacilli 600
Actinomycosis 600
Nocardiosis 600
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 19.1
A Bacillus That Could Kill Us 580
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 19.2
Botox: No Wrinkles. No Headache. No Worries? 585
MEDICAL MICROFILE 19.3
Acne: The Microbial Connection 590
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 19.4
The Threat from Tuberculosis 593
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 601
Multiple-Choice Questions 602
Concept Questions 602
Critical-Thinking Questions 603
Internet Search Topics 604
CHAPTER 20 The Gram-Negative Bacilli of Medical Importance 605
Aerobic Gram-Negative Nonenteric Bacilli 605 Pseudomonas: The Pseudomonads 606 Brucella and Brucellosis 608 Francisella tularensis and Tularemia 608 Bordetella pertussis and Relatives 609 Legionella and Legionellosis 610 Identification and Differential Characteristics of the Enterobacteriaceae 611
Antigenic Structures and Virulence Factors 614 Coliform Organisms and Diseases 614 Escherichia coli: The Most Prevalent Enteric Bacillus 614
Other Coliforms 617 Noncoliform Lactose-Negative Enterics 618
Opportunists: Proteus and Its Relatives 618
Pathogens: Salmonella and Shigella 619
Nonenteric Yersinia pestis and Plague 622
Oxidase-Positive Nonenteric Pathogens 624 Haemophilus: The Blood-Loving Bacilli 624
MEDICAL MICROFILE 20.1
Gram-Negative Sepsis and Endotoxic Shock 607
MEDICAL MICROFILE 20.2
Diarrheal Disease 612
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 20.3 Escherichia coli O157:H7: A Pathogen Known by Its Numbers 617
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 626
Multiple-Choice Questions 626
Concept Questions 627
Critical-Thinking Questions 628
Internet Search Topics 628
CHAPTER 21 Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease 629
The Spirochetes 630
Treponemes: Members of the Genus Treponema 630 Leptospira and Leptospirosis 635 Borrelia: Arthropod-Borne Spirochetes 636 Other Curviform Gram-Negative Bacteria of Medical Importance 639
The Biology of Vibrio cholerae 639 Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus: Pathogens Carried by Seafood 640
Diseases of the Campylobacter Vibrios 641 Medically Important Bacteria of Unique Morphology and Biology 644
Family Rickettsiaceae 644
Specific Rickettsioses 645
Emerging Rickettsioses 648
Diseases Related to the Rickettsioses 649
Other Obligate Parasitic Bacteria: The Chlamydiaceae 650 Mollicutes and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria 653
Biological Characteristics of the Mycoplasmas 653
Bacteria That Have Lost Their Cell Walls 654 Bacteria in Dental Disease 654
The Structure of Teeth and Associated Tissues 655
Hard-Tissue Disease: Dental Caries 655
Soft-Tissue (Periodontal) Disease 657
Factors in Dental Disease 658
MEDICAL MICROFILE 21.1
The Disease Named for a Town 637
MEDICAL MICROFILE 21.2
Oral Rehydration Therapy 642
MICROBITS 21.3
The Arthropod Vectors of Infectious Disease 646
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 659
Multiple-Choice Questions 660
Concept Questions 661
Critical-Thinking Questions 662
Internet Search Topics 662
CHAPTER 22 The Fungi of Medical Importance 663
Fungi As Infectious Agents 663
True Versus Opportunistic Pathogens 664
Epidemiology of the Mycoses 665
Pathogenesis of the Fungi 666
Diagnosis of Mycotic Infections 667
Control of Mycotic Infections 668
Organization of Fungal Diseases 668 Systemic Infections by True Pathogens 670
Histoplasmosis: Ohio Valley Fever 670
Coccidioidomycosis: Valley Fever, San Joaquin Valley Fever,
California Disease 672
Biology of Blastomyces dermatitidis: North American Blastomycosis 674
Paracoccidioidomycosis 675 Subcutaneous Mycoses 675
The Natural History of Sporotrichosis: Rose-Gardener's Disease
676
Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis: Diseases of Pigmented
Fungi 676
Mycetoma: A Complex Disfiguring Syndrome 677 Cutaneous Mycoses 677
Characteristics of Dermatophytes 678 Superficial Mycoses 681 Opportunistic Mycoses 682
Infections by Candida: Candidiasis 682
Cryptococcosis and Cryptococcus neoformans 684 Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci and Pneumocystis Pneumonia 685
Aspergillosis: Diseases of the Genus Aspergillus 685
Zygomycosis 686
Miscellaneous Opportunists 687 Fungal Allergies and Intoxications 687
MEDICAL MICROFILE 22.1
Opportunistic Mycoses As Diseases of Medical Progress 666
MEDICAL MICROFILE 22.2
The Keratin Lovers 679
MEDICAL MICROFILE 22.3
Fungi, Food, and Toxins 686
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 688
Multiple-Choice Questions 689
Concept Questions 690
Critical-Thinking Questions 691
Internet Search Topics 691
CHAPTER 23 The Parasites of Medical Importance 693
The Parasites of Humans 693 Typical Protozoan Pathogens 694
Infective Amebas 694
An Intestinal Ciliate: Balantidium coli 697
The Flagellates (Mastigophorans) 697
Hemoflagellates: Vector-Borne Blood Parasites 699 Apicomplexan Parasites 703 A Survey of Helminth Parasites 709
General Life and Transmission Cycles 709
General Epidemiology of Helminth Diseases 709
Pathology of Helminth Infestation 709
Elements of Diagnosis and Control 712
Nematode (Roundworm) Infestations 712
The Trematodes, or Flukes 718
Cestode (Tapeworm) Infestations (Cycle C) 720
MEDICAL MICROFILE 23.1
The Trypanosome's Bag of Tricks 701
MICROBITS 23.2
When Parasites Attack the "Wrong" Host 714
MEDICAL MICROFILE 23.3
Waiter, There's a Worm in My Fish 721
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 722
Multiple-Choice Questions 723
Concept Questions 724
Critical-Thinking Questions 725
Internet Search Topics 726
CHAPTER 24 Introduction to the Viruses of Medical Importance: The DNA Viruses 727
Viruses in Infection and Disease 727
Important Medical Considerations in Viral Diseases 728 Survey of DNA Virus Groups 728 Enveloped DNA Viruses 729
Poxviruses: Classification and Structure 729
The Herpesviruses: Common, Persistent Human Viruses 732
Hepadnaviruses: Unusual Enveloped DNA Viruses 740 Nonenveloped DNA Viruses 744
The Adenoviruses 744
Papovaviruses: Papilloma, Polyoma, Vacuolating Viruses 745 Nonenveloped Single-Stranded DNA Viruses: The Parvoviruses 746
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 24.1
Smallpox: An Ancient Scourge Revisited 730
MEDICAL MICROFILE 24.2
Viral Infection: A Connection to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?
740
MEDICAL MICROFILE 24.3
The Clinical Connection in Hepatitis 743
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 747
Multiple-Choice Questions 748
Concept Questions 749
Critical-Thinking Questions 749
Internet Search Topics 750
CHAPTER 25 The RNA Viruses of Medical Importance 751
Enveloped Segmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 751
The Biology of Orthomyxoviruses: Influenza 751
Bunyaviruses and Arenaviruses 756 Enveloped Nonsegmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 756
Paramyxoviruses 756
Rhabdoviruses 760 Other Enveloped RNA Viruses 762
Coronaviruses 762 Rubivirus, the Agent of Rubella 762 Arboviruses: Viruses Spread by Arthropod Vectors 763
Epidemiology of Arbovirus Disease 763
General Characteristics of Arbovirus Infections 764
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Arbovirus Infection 765 Enveloped Single-Stranded RNA Viruses with Reverse Transcriptase: Retroviruses 766
The Biology of the Retroviruses 766
Nomenclature and Classification 767
Structure and Behavior of Retroviruses 767 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 767
Historical Background 767
The Origins of HIV 768
Epidemiology of AIDS 768
The Clinical Definition of AIDS 768
The Evolving Picture of AIDS Pathology 770 Other Retroviral Diseases in Humans 776
Epidemiology and Pathology of the Human Leukemia Viruses 777 Nonenveloped Nonsegmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses: Picornaviruses and Caliciviruses 778
Poliovirus and Poliomyelitis 778
Nonpolio Enteroviruses 780
Caliciviruses 783 Nonenveloped Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Viruses: Reoviruses 783 Slow Infections by Unconventional Viruslike Agents 784
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 25.1
Life in the Hot Zone 753
MEDICAL MICROFILE 25.2
Community Immunity, Genetic Change, and Influenza 755
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 25.3
A Long Way From Egypt: West Nile Virus in the United States
766
MEDICAL MICROFILE 25.4
Uncommon Facts About the Common Cold 781
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 785
Multiple-Choice Questions 786
Concept Questions 787
Critical-Thinking Questions 788
Internet Search Topics 788
CHAPTER 26 Environmental and Applied Microbiology 789
Ecology: The Interconnecting Web of Life 790
The Organization of Ecosystems 790
Energy and Nutritional Flow in Ecosystems 791
Ecological Interactions Between Organisms in a Community 792
The Natural Recycling of Bioelements 792
Atmospheric Cycles 794
Sedimentary Cycles 800
Soil Microbiology: The Composition of the Lithosphere 801
Aquatic Microbiology 803 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 811 Microorganisms and Food 811
Microbial Fermentations in Food Products from Plants 811
Microbes in Milk and Dairy Products 815
Microorganisms As Food 817
Microbial Involvement in Food-Borne Diseases 817
Prevention Measures for Food Poisoning and Spoilage 818 General Concepts in Industrial Microbiology 822
From Microbial Factories to Industrial Factories 824
Substance Production 825
MICROBITS 26.1
Greenhouse Gases, Fossil Fuels, Cows, Termites, and Global Warming 797
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 26.2
Bioremediation: The Pollution Solution? 804
MICROBITS 26.3
Wood or Plastic: On the Cutting Edge of Cutting Boards 821
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 827
Multiple-Choice Questions 829
Concept Questions 830
Critical-Thinking Questions 830
Internet Search Topics 831
APPENDIX A: Exponents A-1 APPENDIX B: Significant Events in Microbiology B-1 APPENDIX C: Methods for Testing Sterilization and Germicidal Processes
C-1 APPENDIX D: Classification of Major Microbial Disease Agents by System
Affected, Site of Infection, and Routes of Transmission D-1 APPENDIX E: Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions and Selected Matching Questions E-1
Glossary G-1
Credits CR-1
Index I-1
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