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1 | |
What term is defined as any deviation from health where tissues and organs are damaged and disrupted? |
| | A) | Commensalism |
| | B) | Pathology |
| | C) | Disease |
| | D) | Infection |
| | E) | Transient |
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2 | |
The human body provides a favorable habitat for microorganisms. Which of the following does not contribute to this favorable habitat? |
| | A) | Stable temperature |
| | B) | Extensive surfaces upon which to colonize |
| | C) | Constant source of nourishment |
| | D) | Low levels of moisture |
| | E) | Relatively stable pH |
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3 | |
What greatly influences the presence and numbers of transient flora? |
| | A) | Occupational exposure |
| | B) | Hygiene |
| | C) | Humidity |
| | D) | Oils |
| | E) | Clothing |
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4 | |
What factor prevents the stomach from being colonized by most microbes? |
| | A) | Peristalsis |
| | B) | Digestive enzymes |
| | C) | Secretory IgA |
| | D) | Bile |
| | E) | Acids |
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5 | |
Why are human bites especially dangerous? |
| | A) | Because the oral cavity and saliva contain high numbers of bacteria. |
| | B) | Because saliva contains lysozyme. |
| | C) | Because human teeth are exceedingly sharp. |
| | D) | Because the protozoa that reside in the mouth are harmful when transferred to others. |
| | E) | Because normal flora of the mouth are pathogenic. |
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6 | |
What are the first organism(s) to colonize the upper respiratory tract? |
| | A) | Oral streptococci |
| | B) | Lactobacilli |
| | C) | Staphylococcus aureus |
| | D) | Neisseria sp. |
| | E) | Haemophilus sp. |
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7 | |
What keeps the kidney, ureter, bladder, and upper urethra sterile? |
| | A) | pH |
| | B) | Peristalsis |
| | C) | Salts |
| | D) | Flow of urine |
| | E) | IgA in mucous |
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8 | |
Axenic animals display all but which of the following? |
| | A) | Degenerative diseases of the intestinal tract |
| | B) | Shortened life span |
| | C) | Absence of dental caries |
| | D) | Vitamin deficiencies |
| | E) | Increased sensitivity to enteric pathogens |
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9 | |
What microorganism is not a true pathogen as defined by the text? |
| | A) | Influenza virus |
| | B) | Rhinovirus |
| | C) | Yersinia pestis (causative agent of the plague) |
| | D) | Plasmodium falciparum (causative agent of malaria) |
| | E) | Candida albicans |
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10 | |
The greatest number of pathogens use what as a portal of entry? |
| | A) | Skin |
| | B) | Gastrointestinal tract |
| | C) | Respiratory tract |
| | D) | Urogenital tract |
| | E) | Transplacental |
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11 | |
What characteristic affects the extent to which an organism is carried into the bronchial tree following inhalation? |
| | A) | The electrostatic charge of the microorganism |
| | B) | The size of the microorganism |
| | C) | The breathing patterns of the host |
| | D) | The status of the host's immune system |
| | E) | The presence or absence of flagella on the microorganism |
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12 | |
If a microorganism has an ID of one, what assumption can be made regarding this microorganism? |
| | A) | It is very small. |
| | B) | It can cross the placental barrier. |
| | C) | It causes a large number of new cases annually. |
| | D) | It is a very pathogenic microorganism. |
| | E) | It is a very virulent microorganism. |
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13 | |
Bacterial pathogens attach most often by all except which of the following mechanisms? |
| | A) | Spikes |
| | B) | Fimbriae (pili) |
| | C) | Flagella |
| | D) | Capsules |
| | E) | Adhesive slimes |
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14 | |
What exoenzyme secreted by some pathogenic microorganisms digests the principal fiber of connective tissue and is an invasive factor for some microorganisms? |
| | A) | Coagulase |
| | B) | Mucinase |
| | C) | Hyaluronidase |
| | D) | Collagenase |
| | E) | Keratinase |
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15 | |
Which of the following is a property of exotoxins? |
| | A) | Stimulates the onset of fever |
| | B) | Secreted from a live cell |
| | C) | Produced by all Gram negative bacteria |
| | D) | Do not denature upon exposure to high heat |
| | E) | Toxic only in high doses |
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16 | |
During which stage of a clinical infection does the patient experience vague feelings of discomfort, such as head and muscle aches, fatigue, upset stomach, and general malaise? |
| | A) | Terminal phase |
| | B) | Incubation period |
| | C) | Convalescent period |
| | D) | Prodromal stage |
| | E) | Period of invasion |
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17 | |
What is the pattern of infection where the infection itself remains localized at the portal of entry, but the toxins produced by the pathogen are carried by the blood to the actual target tissue? |
| | A) | Systemic infection |
| | B) | Focal infection |
| | C) | Toxemia |
| | D) | Mixed infection |
| | E) | Localized infection |
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18 | |
Which is a sign of an infection? |
| | A) | Cough |
| | B) | Nausea |
| | C) | Headache |
| | D) | Fatigue |
| | E) | Sore throat |
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19 | |
What is the clinical term for bacteria multiplying in the blood? |
| | A) | Bacteremia |
| | B) | Viremia |
| | C) | Septicemia |
| | D) | Fungemia |
| | E) | Spirochetemia |
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20 | |
Which microorganism does not cause a latent infection? |
| | A) | Herpes simplex |
| | B) | Hepatitis B |
| | C) | AIDS |
| | D) | Polio |
| | E) | Herpes zoster |
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21 | |
What term is defined as the number of new cases of disease over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population? |
| | A) | Prevalence |
| | B) | Morbidity rate |
| | C) | Epidemiology |
| | D) | Epidemic |
| | E) | Incidence |
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22 | |
Which of the following is not a reservoir? |
| | A) | Vectors |
| | B) | Humans |
| | C) | Animals |
| | D) | Soil |
| | E) | Water |
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23 | |
"Typhoid Mary" was an example of what type of disease carrier? |
| | A) | Asymptomatic |
| | B) | Chromic |
| | C) | Convalescent |
| | D) | Incubation |
| | E) | Passive |
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24 | |
Communicable diseases can spread by several methods. Which is not an example of the direct transmission mode of disease spread? |
| | A) | Fine droplets sprayed directly upon a person |
| | B) | Bites from biological vectors |
| | C) | Contact with contaminated food |
| | D) | Sexual intercourse |
| | E) | Placental transfer |
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25 | |
Which does not contribute to the development of nosocomial infections? |
| | A) | The presence of compromised patients in hospitals |
| | B) | The presence of pathogens in hospitals |
| | C) | The use of indwelling medical devices |
| | D) | Treatments utilizing reusable instruments |
| | E) | The use of effective infection control measures |
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