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1 | |
Which is not a characteristic of viruses? |
| | A) | Viruses contain DNA or RNA but never both. |
| | B) | Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. |
| | C) | Viruses are active both inside and outside of host cells. |
| | D) | Viruses can infect bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals. |
| | E) | Viruses exhibit high specificity for their respective host. |
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2 | |
The main criteria used to group viruses are structure, chemical composition, and what other characteristic? |
| | A) | Type of capsid |
| | B) | Overall viral size |
| | C) | Area of host cell in which the virus multiplies |
| | D) | Similarities in genetic makeup |
| | E) | Presence and type of envelope |
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3 | |
The combination of a viral nucleic acid plus the viral capsid is known as what? |
| | A) | Capsomers |
| | B) | Envelope |
| | C) | Phage |
| | D) | Nucleocapsid |
| | E) | Prophage |
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4 | |
An enveloped virus may acquire its envelope from all but which of the following? |
| | A) | Nuclear envelope |
| | B) | Golgi apparatus |
| | C) | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| | D) | Cell membrane |
| | E) | Cytoplasmic membrane |
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5 | |
Molecules that protrude from the viral envelope and which are essential for attachment are known as what? |
| | A) | Prophage |
| | B) | Extrusions |
| | C) | Prions |
| | D) | Plaques |
| | E) | Spikes |
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6 | |
The viral envelope performs all but which of the following functions? |
| | A) | Neutralization of the virus |
| | B) | Protection of the viral nucleic acid |
| | C) | Binding to the host cell surface |
| | D) | Assisting in penetration of the viral nucleic acid |
| | E) | Stimulation of the host immune response |
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7 | |
What type of virus has a polyhedral head, a helical tail, and fibers for host cell attachment? |
| | A) | Helical |
| | B) | Bacteriophages |
| | C) | Icosahedral |
| | D) | Enveloped |
| | E) | Naked |
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8 | |
Collectively, viruses can contain all but what type of nucleic acid? |
| | A) | Double-stranded DNA |
| | B) | Double-stranded RNA |
| | C) | Double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid |
| | D) | Single-stranded DNA |
| | E) | Single-stranded RNA |
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9 | |
At the very minimum, a virus must carry genes for all but which of the following functions? |
| | A) | Mature virus packaging |
| | B) | Transcription of RNA to DNA |
| | C) | Viral capsid synthesis |
| | D) | Host regulation |
| | E) | Synthesis of viral genetic material |
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10 | |
The viral multiplication cycle dictates all of the following properties except which? |
| | A) | Virus infection control measures |
| | B) | Immune response of the host |
| | C) | Viral mode of transmission |
| | D) | Viral pathogenicity |
| | E) | Host cell type |
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11 | |
What step in the viral multiplication cycle is defined as the copying and expression of the viral genome by the host's synthetic equipment? |
| | A) | Adsorption |
| | B) | Penetration |
| | C) | Replication |
| | D) | Assembly and maturation |
| | E) | Release |
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12 | |
What is the definition of the eclipse phase? |
| | A) | When the virus is developing but not yet infectious |
| | B) | When a virus matures and is capable of infecting a new host |
| | C) | When the active, infectious viral particle escapes from the host |
| | D) | When the viral DNA becomes latent as a prophage |
| | E) | When the virion enters the host cell |
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13 | |
Most bacteriophages contain what type of nucleic acid? |
| | A) | Double-stranded DNA |
| | B) | Double-stranded RNA |
| | C) | Double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid |
| | D) | Single-stranded DNA |
| | E) | Single-stranded RNA |
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14 | |
Adsorption of the bacteriophage occurs when molecules on the tail fibers bind to what component on the host cell? |
| | A) | Capsomers |
| | B) | Nucleocapsid |
| | C) | Nucleus |
| | D) | Cell membrane |
| | E) | Receptors |
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15 | |
During bacteriophage replication, proteins are synthesized which perform all but which function? |
| | A) | Enzymes for viral nucleic acid replication |
| | B) | Make up the viral capsid head and parts of the tail |
| | C) | Protect the virus from destruction by the host cell |
| | D) | Enzymes that weaken the bacterial cell wall |
| | E) | Proteins to repair the hole in the cell wall made during host cell entry |
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16 | |
The condition in which the host cell chromosome carries bacteriophage DNA is known as what? |
| | A) | Temperate |
| | B) | Prophage |
| | C) | Lysis |
| | D) | Lysogeny |
| | E) | Mutation |
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17 | |
The membrane receptors that animal viruses typically attach to are actually what? |
| | A) | Virions |
| | B) | Glycoproteins |
| | C) | Capsids |
| | D) | Lipopolysaccharides |
| | E) | Cell walls |
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18 | |
The limitation in the scope of hosts an animal virus can infect is known as what? |
| | A) | Tropism |
| | B) | Host range |
| | C) | Adsorption |
| | D) | Latency |
| | E) | Exocytosis |
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19 | |
What does the nucleic acid of an animal virus do immediately upon entry into the host cell? |
| | A) | It duplicates itself. |
| | B) | It becomes uncoated. |
| | C) | It alters the genetic expression of the host and instructs it to synthesize building blocks for new viruses. |
| | D) | It causes the host cell to round up and produce inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm. |
| | E) | It causes the host cell to enlarge and form multinucleated giant cells. |
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20 | |
Virus-induced damage to a cell that alters its microscopic appearance is known as what? |
| | A) | Lysis |
| | B) | Lysogeny |
| | C) | Chronic damage |
| | D) | Persistent damage |
| | E) | Cytopathic effects |
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21 | |
Oncoviruses cause transformed cells to exhibit all but which of the following? |
| | A) | Increased rate of growth |
| | B) | Alterations in chromosomes |
| | C) | Changes in the cell's surface molecules |
| | D) | Production of reverse transcriptase |
| | E) | Capacity to divide for an indefinite period |
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22 | |
What is viewed as a nearly perfect system for viral propagation? |
| | A) | Bird embryos |
| | B) | White mice |
| | C) | Guinea pigs |
| | D) | Humans |
| | E) | White rabbits |
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23 | |
What defines a viral plaque? |
| | A) | The sticky substance that accumulates on teeth |
| | B) | Cell cultures infected by a virus |
| | C) | Freshly isolated animal tissue placed in growth medium |
| | D) | A line of cells that can grow continuously |
| | E) | Clear, well-defined areas in a monolayer of cells |
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24 | |
Why do virologists believe viruses have been an important force in the evolution of living things? |
| | A) | Because they interact with the genetic material of their host cells and they carry genes from one host to another. |
| | B) | Because they are the most common cause of acute infections that do not result in hospitalization. |
| | C) | Because some viruses are oncogenic. |
| | D) | Because viruses can serve as vehicles to treat infections and disease. |
| | E) | Because some viruses can cause pleasing effects in certain host cells. |
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25 | |
"Mad cow disease" is the result of infection of cattle with what agent? |
| | A) | Bacteria |
| | B) | Viruses |
| | C) | Viroids |
| | D) | Prions |
| | E) | Delta agents |
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