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1 | |
Extremophiles are most commonly what type of microorganism? |
| | A) | Algae |
| | B) | Protozoa |
| | C) | Yeasts |
| | D) | Archae |
| | E) | Molds |
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2 | |
Substances required by living organisms in relatively large quantities and which play principle roles in cell structure and metabolism are known as what? |
| | A) | Nutrients |
| | B) | Macronutrients |
| | C) | Micronutrients |
| | D) | Trace elements |
| | E) | Reservoirs |
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3 | |
Which of the following defines a heterotroph? |
| | A) | An organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form. |
| | B) | An organism that does not require essential nutrients for growth. |
| | C) | An organism that uses CO3-2 as its carbon source. |
| | D) | An organism that produces all the trace elements it requires for growth. |
| | E) | An organism that uses CO2 as its carbon source. |
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4 | |
Molecules that satisfy heterotrophic nutritional requirements include all but which of the following? |
| | A) | Water |
| | B) | Nucleic acids |
| | C) | Lipids |
| | D) | Carbohydrates |
| | E) | Proteins |
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5 | |
Nitrogen is required for the production of what category of molecules? |
| | A) | Fatty acids |
| | B) | Phospholipids |
| | C) | Nucleotides |
| | D) | Carbohydrates |
| | E) | Cellulose |
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6 | |
The primary sources of nitrogen for heterotrophs include all except which of the following? |
| | A) | Proteins |
| | B) | DNA |
| | C) | Glucose |
| | D) | RNA |
| | E) | Amino acids |
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7 | |
What is not a role of hydrogen within cells? |
| | A) | It is a major element in all organic compounds. |
| | B) | It serves as the source of free energy in reduction-oxidation reactions. |
| | C) | It forms hydrogen bonds between molecules. |
| | D) | It determines the shape and stability of proteins by forming disulfide bonds. |
| | E) | It maintains pH within the cell. |
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8 | |
Which organism is an example of a photoautotroph? |
| | A) | Protozoa |
| | B) | Algae |
| | C) | Fungi |
| | D) | Pathogenic bacteria |
| | E) | Animals |
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9 | |
What nutritional category of microorganisms plays an important part in recycling inorganic nutrients? |
| | A) | Photoautotrophs |
| | B) | Chemoheterotrophs |
| | C) | Saprobes |
| | D) | Photoheterotrophs |
| | E) | Chemoautotrophs |
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10 | |
The principal energy-yielding reaction in animals, most protozoa and fungi, and aerobic bacteria is known as what? |
| | A) | Anaerobic respiration |
| | B) | Fermentation |
| | C) | Photosynthesis |
| | D) | Aerobic respiration |
| | E) | Methanogenesis |
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11 | |
The earth would gradually fill up with organic material, and nutrients would not be recycled if it were not for what group of organisms? |
| | A) | Parasites |
| | B) | Methanogens |
| | C) | Saprobes |
| | D) | Photoautotrophs |
| | E) | Lithoautotrophs |
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12 | |
The more successful of the parasitic microorganisms have what type of effect on their host? |
| | A) | They have a mutualistic relationship with a host cell. |
| | B) | They have no fatal effects on the host and eventually evolve to a less harmful relationship with the host. |
| | C) | They eventually kill the host cell. |
| | D) | They have no effect whatsoever on the host cell. |
| | E) | They cause an infection when the host is compromised. |
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13 | |
Osmosis requires that a membrane have what property? |
| | A) | Allow for the expenditure of energy |
| | B) | Have carrier proteins that participate in transport |
| | C) | Be freely soluble to all solute molecules |
| | D) | Exhibit Brownian movement |
| | E) | Be selectively permeable to molecules other than water |
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14 | |
Which of the following is not a property of the carrier proteins that participate in facilitated diffusion? |
| | A) | They are present in the cell membrane. |
| | B) | They require the expenditure of energy in order to function. |
| | C) | They exhibit specificity. |
| | D) | They can become saturated. |
| | E) | They exhibit competition. |
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15 | |
The most stable environment for cells exists in what type of solution? |
| | A) | Isotonic |
| | B) | Hypotonic |
| | C) | Saprobic |
| | D) | Pressurized |
| | E) | Hypertonic |
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16 | |
What is not a feature inherent in active transport systems? |
| | A) | They transport nutrients against the natural diffusion gradient. |
| | B) | They are made up of specific membrane proteins. |
| | C) | They transport nutrients in the same direction as the natural diffusion gradient but at a faster rate. |
| | D) | They form energy during transport. |
| | E) | They are an efficient system for transporting carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, phosphates, and metal ions. |
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17 | |
For most microbes, environmental factors fundamentally affect the function of what? |
| | A) | Metabolic enzymes |
| | B) | Nucleic acids |
| | C) | Lipids |
| | D) | Polysaccharides |
| | E) | Cell membranes |
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18 | |
How is Taq polymerase from Thermus aquaticus able to function when used in the polymerase chain reaction? |
| | A) | It has heat stable nucleic acids. |
| | B) | It functions under extremely acidic conditions. |
| | C) | It has a cell membrane that resists heat. |
| | D) | It copies DNA fragments. |
| | E) | It is a heat stable enzyme. |
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19 | |
What form of oxygen is not toxic to microorganisms? |
| | A) | OH- |
| | B) | H2O2 |
| | C) | O2- |
| | D) | 1O2 |
| | E) | O2 |
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20 | |
Which of the following describes anaerobic organisms? |
| | A) | They use gaseous oxygen in their metabolism. |
| | B) | They lack the enzymes that use oxygen in metabolism and they lack the enzymes that process toxic oxygen products. |
| | C) | They possess superoxide dismutase but not catalase or peroxidase. |
| | D) | They posses the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products. |
| | E) | They metabolize by aerobic respiration when oxygen is present but undergo anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen. |
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21 | |
Microorganisms that are sometimes found growing in jellies, syrups, and brines are known as what? |
| | A) | Acidophiles |
| | B) | Halophiles |
| | C) | Neutrophiles |
| | D) | Osmophiles |
| | E) | Barophiles |
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22 | |
What term is defined as an interrelationship between two or more free-living organisms that is beneficial to both but not necessary for the survival of either? |
| | A) | Synergism |
| | B) | Mutualism |
| | C) | Commensalism |
| | D) | Parasitism |
| | E) | Antagonism |
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23 | |
Bacteria divide by a process known as what? |
| | A) | Budding |
| | B) | Snapping division |
| | C) | Binary fission |
| | D) | Zygote fusion |
| | E) | Endospore formation |
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24 | |
Which of the following does not contribute to the initiation of the stationary phase of bacterial growth? |
| | A) | Depletion of nutrients and oxygen |
| | B) | Accumulation of organic acids |
| | C) | The generation time of the dividing organisms |
| | D) | A drop in the pH of the growth medium |
| | E) | Increased density of the organisms |
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25 | |
What statement regarding bacteria in the exponential phase of growth is incorrect? |
| | A) | They do not influence the course of an infection. |
| | B) | They are more susceptible to antimicrobial agents. |
| | C) | They are more numerous and virulent than bacterial in the later growth phases. |
| | D) | They are more likely to be passed from an infected patient to others. |
| | E) | They will show their natural size and correct reaction when stained. |
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