Choose the best answer

1			Which event came first?
			A)	Koch demonstrates that a bacterium, Anthrax, can cause disease.
			B)	Fizeau measures the velocity of light.
2			Which event came first?
			A)	Avery demonstrates that DNA carries genetic information.
			B)	World War II begins.
3			Which event came first?
			A)	Watson and Crick describe DNA double Helix.
			B)	First hydrogen bomb exploded.
4			Which event came first?
			A)	Lyme disease discovered.
			B)	Neil Armstrong walks on moon.
5			Who first described microorganisms such as bacteria?
			A)	Louis Pasteur
			B)	Robert Koch
			C)	Fannie Hesse
			D)	Anton von Leeuwenhoek
6			Who first developed the process of colony purification on solid media?
			A)	Louis Pasteur
			B)	Robert Koch
			C)	Fannie Hesse
			D)	Anton von Leeuwenhoek
7			What was the first successful solid medium for colony purification of bacteria?
			A)	Agar
			B)	Potato
			C)	Gelatin
			D)	Meat
8			Who first suggested using the thickening agent most commonly used for colony purification today?
			A)	Louis Pasteur
			B)	Robert Koch
			C)	Fannie Hesse
			D)	Richard Petri
9			The most important innovation (new idea) in Pasteur's 'swan neck flask' experiments was:
			A)	a glass barrier prevented contamination.
			B)	heating media prevented microbial growth.
			C)	fresh air could directly contact the medium.
			D)	the experimenter could look for contamination without disturbing the experiment.
10			Credit for the first vaccine for the prevention of human disease is generally given to:
			A)	Edward Jenner for the prevention of small pox.
			B)	Louis Pasteur for the prevention of rabies.
			C)	Louis Pasteur for the prevention of anthrax.
			D)	Robert Koch for the prevention of tuberculosis.
11			To make a vaccine against chicken cholera that would not kill the chicken, Pasteur
			A)	treated the sample with heat to kill the microorganisms.
			B)	attenuated the strain by repeatedly passaging it in culture.
			C)	used a related but different microorganism from animals.
			D)	used very small, non-lethal amounts of material.
12			When Louis Pasteur first tried his vaccine on a young boy, there was a possibility that the vaccine itself could kill the child. This was permissible under the standards of the day because
			A)	the importance of the Science was worth the risk.
			B)	less value was placed on human life than today.
			C)	the child was from a poor family.
			D)	the child had rabies, which was always fatal.
13			Agostino Bassi first showed that a disease, in silkworms, was caused by microorganism. What kind of microorganism caused the disease:
			A)	Virus
			B)	Bacterium
			C)	Fungus
			D)	Protozoan
14			What was the first bacterium shown to cause human disease?
			A)	Anthrax
			B)	Mycobacterium
			C)	Diphtheria
			D)	Streptococcus
15			What was the first virus shown to cause disease?
			A)	Polio
			B)	Hepatitis
			C)	Tobacco mosaic virus
			D)	Potato blight
16			The primary use of Koch's postulates is to
			A)	clearly identify and characterize a particular microorganism.
			B)	isolate microorganisms from diseased animals.
			C)	demonstrate that a disease is caused by a microorganism.
			D)	develop vaccines for specific diseases.
17			Which of the following is NOT part of Koch's postulates?
			A)	the microorganism is never found in healthy animals.
			B)	the microorganisms is always found in diseased animals.
			C)	the microorganism must cause disease in healthy animals.
			D)	the microorganism must secrete a toxin in culture.
18			The role of antibodies in fighting disease was first demonstrated by:
			A)	vaccination of humans with rabies.
			B)	injection of rabbit "antitoxin" to protect against diphtheria.
			C)	attenuation of rabies by passage in atypical host.
			D)	observation of phagocytosis of bacteria.
19			The role of blood cells in fighting disease was first demonstrated by
			A)	Pasteur with his swan necked flasks.
			B)	Koch with acid fast staining of mycobacteria.
			C)	Metchnikoff with his observation of phagocytosis.
			D)	Chamberland with his filtration of virus through porcelain.
20			The first observation that bacteria-like organisms could be found in normal air was by
			A)	Anton Leeuwenhoek
			B)	Louis Pasteur
			C)	Robert Koch
			D)	Joseph Meister
21			The first physician to make practical application of the germ theory of disease to surgery was
			A)	Louis Pasteur
			B)	Robert Koch
			C)	Joseph Lister
			D)	Edward Jenner
22			Louis Pasteur's studies on the unwanted production of acid from beet sugar was the first demonstration that
			A)	sugars are unstable and can breakdown into either ethanol or acid.
			B)	bacteria can cause specific chemical reactions.
			C)	ethanol is unstable and can convert to acid.
			D)	microorganisms can be found in air.
23			Which of the following discoveries is NOT attributed to Sergei Winogradsky?
			A)	Colony isolation on solid phase medium.
			B)	Colony enrichment on selective medium.
			C)	Bacteria oxidation of iron and sulfur to obtain energy.
			D)	CO2 fixation by non-photosynthetic microorganisms.