Choose the best answer

1			In relation to bacterium's optimal growth requirements, which group would you expect to be MOST likely involved in decomposition of compost piles?
			A)	acidophiles
			B)	psychrophiles
			C)	extreme halophiles
			D)	mesophiles
			E)	thermophiles
2			Because the soil primarily is an _____ environment; the elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and iron, will tend to be in the _____ state in the soil.
			A)	aerobic; oxidized
			B)	aerobic; reduced
			C)	anaerobic; oxidized
			D)	anaerobic; reduced
3			_____ is the process in which microorganisms are used as a food source resulting in nitrogen and phosphorous mineralization
			A)	Nitrogen fixation
			B)	Ammonification
			C)	Microbivory
			D)	Eutrophication
			E)	Homeostasis
4			A microbial community that develops in puddles in low areas and retained on the soil surface is called a
			A)	zooglea.
			B)	desert crust.
			C)	mychorrhizae.
			D)	microfilm.
			E)	rhizosphere.
5			The _____ is where organisms that are found on and in the aerial surface plants are growing.
			A)	rhizosphere
			B)	microfilm
			C)	desert crust
			D)	phyllosphere
			E)	rhizoplane
6			The function of growth promoting rhizobacteria is to
			A)	decompose the organic materials secreted by the plant making the elements available to the plant again.
			B)	stimulate mineral uptake by inhibiting activities of other bacteria in the vicinity.
			C)	enhance mycorrhizal activity.
			D)	inhibit competing bacteria by producing antibiotics.
			E)	promote plant growth by producing chemical signals.
7			Which of the following genera synthesizes Nod factors in order to activate a plant to allow development of an infection thread?
			A)	Agrobacterium
			B)	Escherichia
			C)	Pseudomonas
			D)	Frankia
			E)	Rhizobium
8			Nodulation and the development of an anaerobic environment to facilitate nitrogen fixation is characteristic of which genus?
			A)	Agrobacterium
			B)	Escherichia
			C)	Pseudomonas
			D)	Cryphanectria
			E)	Rhizobium
9			The nitrogen-fixation form of the Rhizobium bacterium is called a
			A)	bacteroid.
			B)	symbiosome.
			C)	infection thread.
			D)	t-plasmid.
			E)	mycorrhiza.
10			Which of the following genera posses a tumor inducing plasmid?
			A)	Rhizobium
			B)	Agrobacterium
			C)	Frankia
			D)	Pseudomonas
			E)	Erwinia
11			When it induces a tumor in plants, Agrobacterium introduces _____ into the DNA of the plant cell.
			A)	mRNA
			B)	Ti plasmid
			C)	cDNA
			D)	T-DNA
			E)	induction factor
12			Nitrogen fertilizers disrupt ecosystem structure and function by
			A)	promoting heterotrophic growth causing an imbalance in CO2 levels.
			B)	decreasing filamentous fungal development which causes loss of soil crumb structure and subsequent soil fertility.
			C)	causing more antibiotic producing bacteria to grow and produce antibiotics which stunt the growth of plants.
			D)	reducing the number of nitrogen fixing bacteria in soils.
			E)	causing formation of nitrosamine carcinogens.
13			Addition of nitrogen-containing fertilizers affects gas exchange processes in the soil
			A)	resulting in release of NO and N2O which are greenhouse gasses.
			B)	causing methane gas to be consumed.
			C)	causing methane gas to be produced.
			D)	causing antibiotic production in bacteria which leads to antibiotic resistance.
			E)	assimilation of NO3 by the plants.
14			Methanotrophic bacteria
			A)	oxidize methane gas.
			B)	produce methane gas.
			C)	utilize methane as the electron source for reduction processes.
			D)	are responsible for the greenhouse effect.
			E)	are most active in anaerobic environments.
15			Which of the following genera of fungi produces a black slime that dries out to produce a dusty layer of fungal spores and is implicate in "sick building" diagnosis.
			A)	Mycobacterium
			B)	Agaricus
			C)	Stachybotrys
			D)	Puccinia
			E)	Penicillium

For the next set of questions compare the entities I and II

16			I. The rate of flux of oxygen in air II. The rate of flux of oxygen in water.
			A)	I is greater than II
			B)	II is greater than I
			C)	I is exactly or approximately equal to II
			D)	I may stand in more than one of the above relations to II
17			I. The concentration of CO2 in air. II. The concentration of CO2 in soil atmospheric spaces.
			A)	I is greater than II
			B)	II is greater than I
			C)	I is exactly or approximately equal to II
			D)	I may stand in more than one of the above relations to II
18			I. The percentage of microogansisms in soil that have been cultivated. II The percentage of microogansisms in soil that have not been cultivated.
			A)	I is greater than II
			B)	II is greater than I
			C)	I is exactly or approximately equal to II
			D)	I may stand in more than one of the above relations to II
19			I. The amount of nutrients in tropical soils in tropical ecosystems II. The amount of nutrients bound up in plant and animal materials in tropical ecosystem
			A)	I is greater than II
			B)	II is greater than I
			C)	I is exactly or approximately equal to II
			D)	I may stand in more than one of the above relations to II
20			I. The percentage of vascular plants with mycorrizae II. The percentage of vascular plants without mycorrizae
			A)	I is greater than II
			B)	II is greater than I
			C)	I is exactly or approximately equal to II
			D)	I may stand in more than one of the above relations to II
21			I. The rate of occurence of chestnut blight when the pathogenic fungus is not infected with a hypovirus II. The rate of occurence of chestnut blight when the pathogenic fungus is infected with a hypovirus
			A)	I is greater than II
			B)	II is greater than I
			C)	I is exactly or approximately equal to II
			D)	I may stand in more than one of the above relations to II
22			I. The ability of lignin to be degraded in aerobic environments II. The ability of lignin to be degraded in anaerobic environments
			A)	I is greater than II
			B)	II is greater than I
			C)	I is exactly or approximately equal to II
			D)	I may stand in more than one of the above relations to II

For the next 5 items each item lists two categories, numbered I and II.

23			I. - Endophytes II. - Fungi
			A)	All members of I are also members of II, but not all members of II are members of I.
			B)	All members of II are also members of I, but not all members of I are members of II.
			C)	All members of I are members of II, and all members of II are members of I.
			D)	No member of I is also a member of II.
			E)	Some members of I are members of II and some are not, and some members of II are members of I and some are not
24			I. - Bacteria II. - Endophytes
			A)	All members of I are also members of II, but not all members of II are members of I.
			B)	All members of II are also members of I, but not all members of I are members of II.
			C)	All members of I are members of II, and all members of II are members of I.
			D)	No member of I is also a member of II.
			E)	Some members of I are members of II and some are not, and some members of II are members of I and some are not
25			I. - Ectomycorrhizae II. - Bacteria
			A)	All members of I are also members of II, but not all members of II are members of I.
			B)	All members of II are also members of I, but not all members of I are members of II.
			C)	All members of I are members of II, and all members of II are members of I.
			D)	No member of I is also a member of II.
			E)	Some members of I are members of II and some are not, and some members of II are members of I and some are not.
26			I. - Zygomycete fungi II. - Endomycorrhizae
			A)	All members of I are also members of II, but not all members of II are members of I.
			B)	All members of II are also members of I, but not all members of I are members of II.
			C)	All members of I are members of II, and all members of II are members of I.
			D)	No member of I is also a member of II.
			E)	Some members of I are members of II and some are not, and some members of II are members of I and some are not
27			_____ Tropical environments like the rain forest have abundant vegetation because I. the soils contain so many nutrients required by plants. II. the ecosystem is very efficient at recycling nutrients as soon as an organism dies.
			A)	I only is true
			B)	II only is true
			C)	Both I and II are true
			D)	Neither I nor II are true
28			_____ Snow molds I. attack plants even when covered by a layer of snow II. can grow at temperatures slightly below 0°C
			A)	I only is true
			B)	II only is true
			C)	Both I and II are true
			D)	Neither I nor II are true.
29			_____ The function of mycorrhizae is to I. increase the availability of nutrients to plants. II. aid in water uptake for plants in arid environments
			A)	I only is true
			B)	II only is true
			C)	Both I and II are true
			D)	Neither I nor II are true.
30			_____ Members of the genus Frankia are I. capable of nitrogen fixation for trees and shrubs. II. readily cultivated bacteria
			A)	I only is true
			B)	II only is true
			C)	Both I and II are true
			D)	Neither I nor II are true.
31			_____ Throughout the world, soils are being impacted by mineral nitrogen releases form I. agricultural fertilizer run off. II. fossil fuel combustion.
			A)	I only is true
			B)	II only is true
			C)	Both I and II are true
			D)	Neither I nor II are true.