| abstract symbol | A symbol which represents an idea. (ch 1) (10)
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| accommodation | An approach that works toward getting the dominant group to reinvent, or at least change, the rules so that they incorporate the life experiences of the nondominant group. Something that occurs in groups when people on one side of an issue give in to the other side. (ch 3, 11) (83, 399)
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| accommodation strategies | When people are not part of a dominant culture, those processes people use to get the dominant group to reinvent or change the rules through the use of nonassertive, assertive, or aggressive accommodation. (ch 3) (83)
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| action listening style | That kind of listening in which the listener wants precise, error-free presentations and is likely to be impatient with disorganization. (ch 4) (102)
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| active listener | A listener who makes a mental outline of important points and thinks up questions or challenges to those points. (ch 4) (113)
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| adaptors | Nonverbal ways of adjusting to a communication situation. (ch 6) (182)
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| ad hominem | A fallacy that occurs when an argument diverts attention away from the question being argued by focusing instead on those arguing it. (ch 17) (624)
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| affection | A feeling of warm, emotional attachment we have for people we appreciate and care for. (ch 7) (219)
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| agenda | A list of all the items that will be discussed during a meeting. (ch 11) (390)
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| aggression | A physical or verbal show of force. (ch 8) (273)
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| aggressive talk | Talk that attacks a person's self-concept with the intent of inflicting psychological pain. (ch 8) (272)
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| analogy | In reasoning, comparing two similar cases and concluding that if something is true for one, it must also be true for the other. (ch 17) (625)
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| anecdote | A short, interesting story based on an experience. (ch 16) (588)
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| appeal to authority | A fallacy that occurs whenever an idea is justified by citing some source of expertise as a reason for holding that idea. (ch 17) (624)
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| appeal to ignorance | A fallacy that occurs when an argument is based on an opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the conclusion's correctness. (ch 17) (624)
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| appraisal interview | A type of information interview in which a supervisor makes a valuation by estimating and judging the quality or worth of an employee's performance and then interviews the employee in connection with the appraisal. (ch 9) (303)
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| articulation | The ability to pronounce the letters in a word correctly. (ch 15) (545)
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| assertiveness | Taking the responsibility of expressing needs, thoughts, and feelings in a direct, clear manner. (ch 8) (286)
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| assessment | The evaluation of what took place during communication. (ch 4) (112)
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| assimilation | When nondominants use assimilation, they drop cultural differences and distinctive characteristics that would identify them with the nondominant group. (ch 3) (81)
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| assimilation strategies | When people are not part of a dominant culture, those processes people use to get the dominant group to reinvent or change the rules through the use of nonassertive, assertive, or aggressive assimilation. (ch 3) (81)
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| assumption | A taking for granted or supposition that something is a fact. (ch 3) (86)
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| asynchronous communication | Communication in which people are not directly connected with each other at the same time. (ch 10, Appendix) (354, 663)
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| attentiveness | Focusing on the moment. (ch 15) (533)
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| attitudes | Deeply felt beliefs that govern how one behaves. Also, a group of beliefs that cause us to respond in some way to a particular object or situation. (ch 7, 17) (217, 614)
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| attractiveness | Having the power or quality of drawing, pleasing, or winning. (ch 6) (184)
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| audience analysis | Finding out what one's audience members know about a subject, what they might be interested in, and what their attitudes and beliefs are. (ch 12) (434)
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| authoritarian leader | One who holds great control over a group. (ch 11) (382)
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| avoidance | A refusal to deal with conflict or painful issues. (ch 8,11) (278, 399)
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| balance | One of eight ways couples have for dealing with or responding to dialectical tension that involves a useful approach because it is a compromise that promotes dialogue about both opposing dialectical extremes. (ch 7) (245)
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| begging the question | A fallacy that occurs when an argument, instead of offering proof for its conclusion, simply reasserts the conclusion in another form. (ch 17) (624)
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| beliefs | One's own convictions; what one thinks is right and wrong, true and false. Also, they are classified as statements of knowledge, opinion, and faith. (ch 7, 17) (217, 613)
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| bid | A question, gesture, look, touch, or other single expression that says "I want to feel connected to you." (ch 7) (223)
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| bifurcation | A fallacy that occurs when one presumes that a distinction is exclusive and exhaustive, but other alternatives exist. (ch 17) (624)
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| body (of speech) | The main part of the speech. (ch 14) (493)
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| body adornment | Any addition to the physical body designed to beautify or decorate. (ch 6) (188)
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| body movement (kinesics) | Describes a phenomenon responsible for much of our nonverbal communication. (ch 6) (181)
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| brainstorming | A technique of free association; in groups, when all members spontaneously contribute ideas in a group without judgments being made. The goal of brainstorming is for the group to be as creative as possible. (ch10) (362)
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| bulletin boards | An online group discussion originally designed for swapping files and posting notices. (ch 10) (354)
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| causal reasoning | A logical appeal that pertains to, constitutes, involves, or expresses a cause and therefore uses the word because, which is either implicitly or explicitly stated. (ch 17) (625)
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| cause-and-effect order | Organization of a speech around why something is happening (cause) and what impact it is having (effect). (ch 14) (496)
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| central idea | The main idea or thesis of a speech. It establishes the main thrust of the speech. (ch 4, 12) (114, 431)
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| channel | The route traveled by a message; the means it uses to reach the sender-receivers. (ch 1) (11)
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| chronemics | The study of time. (ch 6) (195)
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| clarity | That property of style by means of which a thought is so presented that it is immediately understood, depending on the precision and simplicity of the language. (ch 5) (156)
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| closed-format | Interviews that are highly structured. (ch 9) (307)
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| closed questions | Interview questions that are worded in ways that restrict their answers (e.g., questions that can be answered with a yes or a no). (ch 9) (308)
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| coculture | Because the word subculture has the connotation of a culture beneath, lower, or under, we have chosen, instead, to use the word coculture to represent nonwhites, women, people with disabilities, homosexuals, and those in the lower social classes who have specific patterns of behavior that set them off from other groups within a culture. (ch 1, 3) (22, 65)
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| coercive power | In an organization, the ability of a leader to punish followers (e.g., by criticizing them, refusing to pay attention to them, using power to demote them, refusing to raise their pay, or firing them). (ch 11) (376)
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| cognitive dissonance | A psychological theory, applied to communication, which states that people seek information that will support their beliefs and ignore information that does not. (ch 4) (104)
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| cohesiveness | The feeling of attraction that group members have toward one another. It is the group's ability to stick together, to work together as a group, and to help one another as group members. (ch 10) (359)
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| collaboration | When people in conflict try to work together to meet the other person's needs as well as their own. (ch 11) (399)
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| color | A visual attribute of bodies or substances distinct from their spatial characteristics. (ch 16) (581)
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| commitment | A strong desire by both parties for the relationship to continue. In groups, it is the willingness of members to work together to complete the group's task. (ch 8, 10) (271, 359)
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| communication | Any process in which people share information, ideas, and feelings. (ch 1) (7)
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| comparative advantage order | A method of arranging a speech that enables the speaker to compare the advantages of one solution over another. (ch 17) (635)
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| comparison | Pointing out the similarities between two or more things. (ch 13, 16) (471, 579)
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| compatibility | Similar attitudes, personality, and a liking for the same activities. (ch 7) (217)
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| competition | Something that occurs in groups when one side cares more about winning than it does about other members' feelings. (ch 11) (399)
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| complaint | Expression of dissatisfaction with the behavior, attitude, belief, or characteristic of a partner or of someone else. (ch 8) (277)
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| composition | The makeup of a thing. (ch 16) (582)
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| compromise | When each side in a conflict has to give up something in order to get what it wants. (ch 11) (399)
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| computer database | A collection of items of information organized for easy access via a computer. (ch 13) (457)
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| computer-generated graphics | Refers to any images created or manipulated via computer-art, drawings, representations of objects, pictures, and the like. (ch 15) (551)
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| conclusion (of speech) | In a speech, the closing remarks that tie a speech together and give listeners the feeling that the speech is complete. (ch 14) (509)
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| concrete symbol | A symbol that represents an object. (ch 1) (10)
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| conflict | Expressed struggle between at least two individuals who perceive incompatible goals or interference from others in achieving their goals. (ch 11) (397)
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| conflict resolution | Negotiation to find a solution to the conflict. (ch 8) (287)
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| connotative meaning | The feelings or associations that each individual has about a particular word. (ch 5) (141)
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| consensus | The point at which all members of a group agree. (ch 10) (368)
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| content listening style | That kind of listening in which the listener prefers complex and challenging information. (ch 4) (102)
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| context | High context occurs when most of the meaning of the message is either implied by the physical setting or is presumed to be part of the individual's beliefs, values, and norms. It is considered low context when most of the information is in the code or message. (ch 3) (77)
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| contrast | Pointing out the differences between two or more things. (ch 13, 16) (472, 579)
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| control | People who attempt to exert control believe that they are always right and that no other opinion (or even fact) is worth listening to. They argue for their point of view, insist their position be accepted, and raise their voices to get people to accept what they believe. (ch 6) (171) Also, control is being able to make choices. (ch 7) (220) Also, people who believe they are always right and that no other opinion (or even fact) is worth listening to. (ch 8) (279)
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| control messages | Messages designed to get children to behave in ways that are acceptable to the mother. (ch 7) (247)
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| controlling listener | These types of listeners don't want to listen at all, and they always look for a way to talk about themselves and their experiences. (ch 4) (105)
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| convergence | An aspect of rate (the speed at which one speaks) demonstrated by how one person will accommodate or adapt to another's rate. (ch 6) (180)
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| conversational quality | When speakers talk to audiences in much the same way they talk when they are having a conversation with another person. (ch 15) (535)
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| costs and rewards | Problems and pleasures of a relationship. (ch 8) (283)
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| costumes | That type of clothing that is a form of highly individualized dress. (ch 6) (188)
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| cover letter | Letters that provide a "cover" to a résumé. (ch 9) (323)
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| credibility | The believability of a speaker based on the speaker's expertise, dynamism, trustworthiness, and ethics. (ch 4, 17) (118, 637)
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| critical listening | Evaluating and questioning what has been heard. (ch 4) (117)
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| criticism | A negative evaluation of a person for something he or she has done or the way he or she is. (ch 8) (276)
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| critics-analyzers | Group members who look at the good and bad points in the information the group has gathered. These members see the points that need more elaboration, and they discover information that has been left out. (ch 11) (395)
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| cultural identity | The degree to which you identify with your culture. (ch 3) (65)
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| culture | The ever-changing, values, traditions, social and political relationships, and worldview created and shared by a group of people bound together by a combination of factors (which can include a common history, geographic location, language, social class, and/or religion). (ch 1, 3) (22, 66)
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| database | A collection of information that can be read on a computer screen. (ch 13) (457)
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| deductive reasoning | Reasoning from the general to the specific. (ch 17) (621)
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| defensive communication | When one partner tries to defend himself or herself against the remarks or behavior of the other. (ch 8) (278)
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| definition | A brief explanation of what a word or phrase means. (ch 13, 16) (473, 576)
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| delegating | That style of situational leadership in which leaders hang back and let members plan and execute the job. (ch 11) (387)
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| deletions | The blotting out, erasing, or canceling of information that makes people's perceptions less than perfect because their physical senses are limited. (ch 2) (50)
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| democratic leader | One who lets all points of view be heard and lets group members participate in the decision-making process. (ch 11) (383)
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| demographic analysis | Reveals data about the characteristics of a group of people, including such things as age, sex, education, occupation, race/nationality/ethnic origin, geographic location, and group affiliation. (ch 12) (437)
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| denial | One of eight ways couples have for dealing with or responding to dialectical tension that involves responding to one element of a dialectic while ignoring the other. (ch 7) (245)
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| denotative meaning | The dictionary definition of a particular word. (ch 5) (141)
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| describe | To describe is to provide a mental image of something experienced, such as a scene, a person, or a sensation. (ch 16) (580)
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| diagram | May range from a simple organizational chart to a complex rendering of a three-dimensional object. It is particularly valuable in showing how something works. (ch 15) (548)
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| dialect | The habitual language of a community. (ch 5) (153)
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| directness | Being natural and straightforward. (ch 15) (535)
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| disciplinary interview | A type of information interview that concerns a sensitive area, where the employee is notified, and the interview involves hearing the employee's side of the story and, depending on the outcome, instituting disciplinary action. (ch 9) (303)
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| discrimination | The overt actions one takes to exclude, avoid, or distance oneself from other groups. (ch 3) (80)
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| disorientation | One of eight ways couples have for dealing with or responding to dialectical tension that involves a nonfunctional response that involves couples who have become overwhelmed by the contradictions dialectics present. (ch 7) (245)
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| displays of feelings | Face and body movements that show how intensely we are feeling. (ch 6) (182)
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| distortions | The twisting or bending of information out of shape that makes people's perceptions less than perfect because they only observe a small part of their external environment. (ch 2) (51)
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| dominant culture | Includes white people from a European background. (ch 3) (81)
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| doublespeak | A term that refers to euphemisms created by an institution, such as government, to cover up the truth. (ch 5) (147)
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| dynamism | For speakers, a great deal of enthusiasm and energy for their subject. (ch 17) (638)
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| dysfunctional (individual) roles | Any role played by a group member that can be characterized as aggressor, blocker, recognition-seeker, self-confessor, playboy or playgirl, dominator, help-seeker, or special-interest pleader. (ch 11) (396)
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| elective characteristics | The nonverbal, physical characteristics over which you have control such as clothing, makeup, tattoos, and body piercing. (ch 6) (185)
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| electronic résumé | A résumé specifically designed to apply for jobs online that produce interviews. (ch 9) (322)
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| emblems | Body movements that have a direct translation into words. (ch 6) (181)
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| emotional appeal | An appeal that focuses on listeners' needs, wants, desires, and wishes. (ch 17) (625)
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| emotional intelligence | The ability to understand and get along with others. (ch 7) (212)
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| empathic listening | Listening for feelings, in contrast to listening for main points or listening to criticize ideas. (ch 4) (121)
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| empathy | The ability to recognize and identify with someone's feelings. (ch 7, 8) (214, 280)
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| employment interview | An interview used by an employer to determine whether someone is suitable for a job. (ch 9) (316)
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| encouragers | Those group members who praise and commend contributions and group achievements. (ch 11) (395)
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| enunciation | How one pronounces and articulates words. (ch 15) (545)
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| ethical communication | Communication that is honest, fair, and considerate of others' rights. (ch 1) (23)
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| ethics | A matter of conforming to acceptable and fair standards of conduct. (ch 17) (641)
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| ethnocentrism | The belief that one's own cultural group's behaviors, norms, ways of thinking and ways of being are superior to all other cultural groups. (ch 3) (79)
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| etymology | The study of the origin and development of words. (ch 16) (577)
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| euphemisms | Inoffensive words or phrases which are substituted for words that might be perceived as unpleasant. (ch 5) (146)
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| evaluative statements | Statements involving a judgment. (ch 8) (279)
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| example | A short illustration that clarifies a point. (ch 13, 16) (473, 578)
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| exit interview | A type of information interview that occurs at the termination of an employee's employment, and is designed to resolve any outstanding concerns of employers and employees. (ch 9) (303)
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| expert power | The influence and power that an expert has because he or she knows more than anyone else. (ch 11) (377)
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| expertise | Having the experience or knowledge of an expert. (ch 17) (637)
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| explaining | The process of making something clear. (ch 16) (584)
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| extemporaneous speaking | Speaking from notes. (ch 15) (538)
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| external noise | Interference with the message that comes from the environment and keeps the message from being heard or understood. (ch 1) (12)
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| eye messages | As an aspect of nonverbal communication, they include all information conveyed by the eyes alone. (ch 6) (183)
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| fact | Something that can be verified in a number of ways, which might include experiments, direct observation, or books by authorities. (ch 4) (119)
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| factual information | Interviews that focus on facts such as who, what, where, and when. (ch 9) (306)
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| fallacy | An improper conclusion drawn from the premise. (ch 17) (624)
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| false analogy | A fallacy that occurs when a comparison between an obscure or difficult set of facts and one that is already known and understood, and to which it bears a significant resemblance, is erroneous and distorts the facts of the case being argued. (ch 17) (624)
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| false cause | A fallacy that occurs when events are causally connected but in fact no such causal connection has been established. (ch 17) (624)
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| family | Two or more individuals who are joined together at a particular point in time through the biological or sociological means of genetics, marriage, or adoption. (ch 7) (239)
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| feedback | The response of the receiver-senders to each other. (ch 1) (11)
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| femininity versus masculinity | That way of contrasting a group of cultures to another group of cultures that involves the division of roles between women and men. (ch 3) (76)
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| feng shui | The ancient Chinese art of improving every aspect of your life by enhancing your environment according to the principles of harmony and energy flow. (ch 6) (173)
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| file | A complete, named, collection of information. (ch 9) (323)
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| file format | Coded in ASCII (pronounced ASK-ee), in plain text, rich text and hypertext, a file format exists so that information can be stored and retrieved electronically. (ch 9) (323)
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| fit | It occurs when you describe something by the way parts belong together or by the relationship among parts. (ch 16) (582)
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| flip chart | A series of pictures, words, diagrams, and so forth. It is made up of several pages that speakers "flip" through. (ch 15) (549)
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| follow-up questions | Interview questions that are based on the answers given by interviewees and useful when interviewers want interviewees to go into a subject in greater depth. (ch 9) (308)
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| FOXP2 gene | The gene directly linked to developing the fine motor skills needed for the development of language and speech. (ch 5) (136)
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| full-sentence outline | A complete map of what a speech will look like. (ch 14) (513)
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| function | How things perform or how they can be used. (ch 16) (580)
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| functional leadership | When leadership varies with the task of the group and moves from one individual to another as the group finds it suitable. (ch 11) (380)
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| gatekeepers | Those in control of what information becomes available over the media (e.g., organizations, owners, editors, news directors, and reporters). (Appendix) (667)
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| general purpose | The intention of the speaker to inform or persuade. (ch 12) (427)
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| generalizations | The process of drawing principles or conclusions from particular evidence or facts that makes people's perceptions less than perfect because once people have observed something a few times, they conclude that what has proven true in the past will prove true in the future as well. (ch 2) (51)
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| graphs | Statistical material presented in a visual form that helps viewers see similarities, differences, relationships, or trends. (ch 15) (550)
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| groupthink | A group dysfunction in which the preservation of harmony becomes more important than the critical examination of ideas. (ch 10) (359)
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| harmonizers-compromisers | Group members who help to resolve conflict in the group, settle arguments and disagreements through mediation, and attempt to discover solutions acceptable to everyone. (ch 11) (395)
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| hasty generalization | A fallacy that occurs when an isolated or exceptional case is used as the basis for a general conclusion that is unwarranted. (ch 17) (624)
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| hidden agendas | Unannounced goals, subjects, or issues of individual group members or subgroups that differ from the group's public or stated agenda. (ch 11) (391)
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| hierarchy of needs | The relative order of the physical and psychological needs of all human beings. (ch 17) (626)
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| high context versus low context | That way of contrasting a group of cultures to another group of cultures that involves the degree to which most of the information is carried in the context (high) or most of the information is in the code or message (low). (ch 3) (77)
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| hypothetical example | An example that is made up to illustrate a point. (ch 13) (475)
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| illustrators | Gestures or other nonverbal signals which accent, emphasize, or reinforce words. (ch 6) (181)
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| immediacy | It occurs when the communicator is completely focused on the communication situation. (ch 15) (534)
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| impromptu speaking | Speaking on the spur of the moment with little time to prepare. (ch 15) (536)
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| inclusion | Involvement with others. (ch 7) (219)
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| indirect aggression | (Also called passive aggression.) People who use this form of communication often feel powerless and respond by doing something to thwart the person in power. (ch 8) (273)
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| individualism versus collectivism | That way of contrasting a group of cultures to another group of cultures that involves the degree of integration and orientation of individuals within groups. (ch 3) (76)
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| inductive reasoning | Reasoning from the specific to the general. (ch 17) (622)
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| inflection | A change in pitch used to emphasize certain words and phrases. (ch 15) (545)
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| influence | The power of a person or things to affect others-to produce effects without the presence of physical force. (ch 17) (610)
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| information givers and seekers | Members of groups who either give information or seek it. (ch 11) (394)
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| information interview | An interview in which the goal is to gather facts and opinions from someone with expertise and experience in a specific field. (ch 9) (303)
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| information-sharing group | A type of group which meets to be informed or to inform others, to express themselves and to listen to others, to get or give assistance, to clarify or hear clarification of goals, or to establish or maintain working relationships. (ch 10) (355)
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| informative speech | A speech that concentrates on explaining, defining, clarifying, and instructing. (ch 12, 16) (427, 573)
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| initiators-expediters | Members of groups who suggest new ideas, goals, solutions, and approaches. (ch 11) (393)
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| instrumental values | Those values that guide people's day-to-day behavior (how one should or should not behave). (ch 17) (612)
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| integration | One of eight ways couples have for dealing with or responding to dialectical tension that involves a way that partners simultaneously respond to opposing forces without dilution or delusion. (ch 7) (245)
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| intercultural communication | When a message is created by a member of one culture, and this message needs to be processed by a member of another culture. (ch 1, 3) (22, 68)
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| internal noise | Interference with the message that occurs in the minds of the sender-receivers when their thoughts or feelings are focused on something other than the communication at hand. (ch 1) (12)
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| Internet | A group of computer networks connected to each other. (ch 13) (459)
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| Internet-ready résumé | A résumé specifically designed to apply for jobs online that produce interviews. (ch 9) (322)
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| interpersonal communication | One person interacting with another on a one-to-one basis, often in an informal, unstructured setting. (ch 1, 7) (20, 24)
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| interview | A series of questions and answers, usually exchanged between two people, which has the purpose of getting and understanding information about a particular subject or topic. (ch 9) (301)
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| intimacy | Intimacy is defined by some or all of the following characteristics: spontaneity, self-disclosure, motivation, interdependence, and tension and balance. (ch 7) (241)
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| intimate distance | That distance zone, a range of less than 18 inches apart, that places people in direct contact with each other. (ch 6) (190)
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| intrapersonal communication | Communication that occurs within you; it involves thoughts, feelings, and the way you look at yourself. (ch 1) (18)
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| introduction (of speech) | In a speech, the opening remarks that aim to get attention and build interest in the subject. (ch 14) (502)
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| Johari window | a model of the process of disclosure in interpersonal relationships, developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham. (ch 7) (232)
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| key-word outline | An outline containing only the important words or phrases of a speech that helps to remind speakers of the ideas they are presenting. (ch 14) (513)
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| laissez-faire leader | One who does very little actual leading. This leader suggests no direction for and imposes no order on a group. (ch 11) (384)
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| language environment | The environment in which language takes place, e.g., in a classroom. (ch 5) (145)
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| leader | A person who influences the behavior of one or more people. (ch 11) (376)
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| leadership style | The amount of control a leader exerts over a group. (ch 11) (380)
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| leading question | A question designed to point the interviewee in a particular direction. (ch 9) (309)
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| learning group | The purpose is to increase the knowledge or skill of participants. (ch 10) (356)
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| legitimate power | (Also called organizational power) Leaders in formal organizations who derive their influence because they are "the boss" or because of the organizational hierarchy and its rules. (ch 11) (377)
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| leisure clothing | That type of clothing that is up to the individual and that is worn when work is over. (ch 6) (188)
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| letter of application | A letter that accompanies a résumé and other requested materials, such as transcripts and letters of recommendation, when it is known that an employer has an opening which interests a prospect. (ch 9) (326)
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| letter of inquiry | A letter that accompanies a résumé and is designed to determine if an employer has an opening for which you may qualify. (ch 9) (323)
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| listening | Hearing and responding to given information, both intellectually and emotionally. (ch 4) (102)
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| logical appeal | An appeal that addresses listeners' reasoning ability. (ch 17) (621)
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| long-term orientation | That way of contrasting a group of cultures to another group of cultures that involves the trade-off between long-term and short-term gratification of needs. (ch 3) (78)
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| mailing lists | Online group discussions that are completely passive. The discussion arrives through e-mail. (ch 10) (354)
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| main heads | The points that reinforce the central idea. (ch 4) (114)
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| main points | All the broad, general ideas and information that support your central idea. (ch 14) (492)
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| maintenance roles | Group members who play these roles focus on the emotional tone of the meeting. (ch 11) (395)
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| manuscript speaking | Writing out an entire speech and reading it to the audience from the prepared script. (ch 15) (537)
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| map versus territory | The map is the personal mental approximation and the territory is the actual land or external reality that people experience. Map versus territory simply contrasts the subjective internal experience with the objective external reality. (ch 2) (54)
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| mass communication | Communication that involves highly structured messages and large audiences, often numbering in the millions. Messages of mass communication are created by many people. (ch 1) (21)
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| media literacy | The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate information in all its forms-both print and nonprint. (Appendix) (660)
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| memory (speaking from) | This type of delivery involves writing out the entire speech and then committing it to memory word for word. (ch 15) (538)
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| message | The ideas and feelings that a sender-receiver wants to share. (ch 1) (9)
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| metamessage | The meaning, apart from the words, in a message. (ch 5) (161)
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| metasearch engine | A special tool designed to help you find information on the Internet that transmits your search request to a number of different search engines and their databases of websites at the same time. (ch 13) (463)
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| minor points | The specific ideas and information that support the main points. (ch 14) (492)
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| mixed message | A message in which the verbal and nonverbal contradict each other. (ch 6) (177)
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| mob appeal | A fallacy that occurs when an appeal is made to emotions, particularly to powerful feelings that can sway people in large crowds. (ch 17) (624)
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| model | A replica of an actual object that is used when the object itself is too large to be displayed (e.g., a building), too small to be seen (e.g., a cell), or inaccessible to the eye (e.g., the human heart). (ch 15) (547)
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| monotone | Little variety of pitch in a speech. (ch 15) (545)
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| motivated sequence | Organization of a speech that involves five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action and works because it follows the normal process of human reasoning. (ch 14) (500)
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| motivation | The stimulation or inducement that causes people to act. (ch 17) (611)
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| multimedia | Refers to various media (e.g., text, graphics, animation, and audio) used to deliver information. (ch 15) (553)
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| national communities | Cocultural groupings within a country. (ch 3) (70)
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| natural delivery | The collection of speech and actions that best represents your true self-that is, free from artificiality, affectation, and constraint. (ch 9) (333)
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| naturalistic fallacy | Occurs when something is identified as being good or desirable because it appears to be a natural characteristic. (ch 17) (624)
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| netiquette | (or net etiquette) It includes the common practices, customs, conventions, and expectations expected of individuals using the Internet. (ch 10) (396)
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| neutral questions | Interview questions that do not show how the interviewer feels about the subject. (ch 9) (309)
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| neutrality | Not taking sides (in a group discussion). (ch 11) (389)
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| noise | Interference that keeps a message from being understood or accurately interpreted. (ch 1) (12)
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| nondominant culture | Includes people of color, women, gays, lesbians, and bisexuals, and those whose socioeconomic background is lower than middle class. (ch 3) (81)
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| nonelective characteristics | The nonverbal physical characteristics over which you have no control and cannot change such as height, body proportion, coloring, bone structure, and physical handicaps. (ch 6) (185)
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| nonverbal communication | Information we communicate without using words. (ch 6) (170)
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| nonverbal symbol | Anything communicated without words, e.g., facial expressions or hand gestures. (ch 1) (10)
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| norms | Expectations that group members have of how other members will behave, think, and participate. (ch 10) (351)
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| objective world | The actual territory or external reality people experience. (ch 2) (54)
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| objectivity | Basing conclusions on facts and evidence rather than on emotion or opinions. (ch 11) (389)
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| observers | Group members who aid in the group's cohesiveness by being sensitive to the needs of each member. (ch 11) (397)
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| occupational dress | That type of clothing that employees are expected to wear, but not as precise as a uniform. (ch 6) (188)
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| online résumé | A résumé specifically designed to apply for jobs online that produce interviews. (ch 9) (322)
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| open-ended questions | Interview questions that permit the person being interviewed to expand on his or her answers. (ch 9) (308)
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| open-format | Interviews that are relatively unstructured. (ch 9) (307)
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| opinion | A personal belief with which some people may disagree. Some opinions are more reliable than others. (ch 4) (119)
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| organizational chart | A chart that shows the relationships among the elements of an organization, such as the departments of a company, the branches of federal or state government, or the committees of student government. (ch 15) (548)
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| organizational power | (also called legitimate power) The ability of a leader to be influential because of his or her place in the organizational hierarchy (e.g., as a boss or supervisor). (ch 11) (377)
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| outline | A way of organizing material so all the parts and how they relate to the whole can be seen. (ch 14) (512)
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| owned message | (also known as an I-message) An acknowledgment of subjectivity by a message-sender through the use of first-person singular terms (I, me, my, mine). (ch 7) (228)
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| pace | How quickly or slowly a person speaks. (ch 15) (544)
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| paralanguage | The way we say something. (ch 5, 6) (154, 179)
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| paraphrasing | Restating the other person's thoughts or feelings in your own words. (ch 4) (123)
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| participating | That style of situational leadership in which leaders state the problem but immediately consult with group members. (ch 11) (386)
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| partitioning | How you choose to divide your speech into parts. (ch 12) (425)
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| passive listener | A listener who records but does not evaluate what is heard. (ch 4) (113)
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| passive listening style | That kind of listening in which listeners believe that it involves no work. (ch 4) (105)
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| patriotism | Devotion to one's country. (ch 3) (79)
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| people listening style | That kind of listening in which the listener is concerned with the other person's feelings. (ch 4) (102)
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| perception | How people look at themselves and the world around them. (ch 2) (46)
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| perceptual filters | The limitations that result from the narrowed lens through which people view the world. (ch 2) (51)
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| personal distance | That distance zone, a range from 18 inches to 4 feet, that people maintain from others when they are engaged in casual and personal conversations. (ch 6) (191)
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| personal inventory | Appraising your own resources. (ch 12) (416)
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| persuasion | The process of trying to get others to change their attitudes or behavior; also, the process that occurs when a communicator (sender) influences the values, beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of another person (receiver). (ch 17) (608)
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| persuasive speech | A speech in which the speaker takes a particular position and tries to get the audience to accept and support that position. (ch 12) (428)
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| PETAL | In using presentation graphics, 1) develop pertinent materials, 2) choose an engaging format, 3) present your materials in a timely manner, 4) satisfy yourself that they are appropriate to the audience, and 5) ensure that everything is legible. (ch 9) (335)
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| pitch | Highness or lowness of the voice. (ch 6) (180)
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| policy information | Interviews that focus on how things are or should be done. (ch 9) (306)
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| polls | Surveys taken of people's attitudes, feelings, or knowledge. (ch 13) (479)
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| poster | Consists of lettering or pictures, or both. (ch 15) (548)
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| power distance | That way of contrasting a group of cultures to another group of cultures that involves social inequality. (ch 3) (74)
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| powerful talk | Talk that comes directly to the point, that does not use hesitation or qualifications. (ch 5) (157)
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| precursor | Something that precedes or comes before something else. (ch 9) (314)
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| prediction | From past experience with a person, a listener tries to predict what he or she will say next. (ch 4) (109)
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| prejudice | A negative attitude toward a cultural group based on little or no experience. (ch 3) (80)
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| premise | A premise includes the reasons given in support of a conclusion. (ch 17) (624)
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| presentation | A descriptive or persuasive account that is created to communicate ideas in a compelling and graphic manner (e.g., explain concepts, communicate complex data, make recommendations, or persuade and motivate others). (ch 9) (332)
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| primary questions | Interview questions that often come first in the interview or that come first with each new topic the interviewer introduces. (ch 9) (308)
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| proactive | In this style of responding to undesirable behavior, the mother anticipates that the undesirable behavior is coming and tries to divert the child. (ch 7) (247)
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| problem-solution order | Organization of a speech into two sections: one dealing with the problem and the other dealing with the solution. (ch 14) (498)
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| pronunciation | The ability to pronounce a word correctly. (ch 15) (545)
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| propriety | The character or quality of being proper, especially in accordance with recognized usage, custom, or principles. (ch 4) (127)
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| proxemics | The study of how people use space. (ch 6) (189)
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| proximity | Close contact that occurs between people who share an experience such as work, play, or school. (ch 7) (218)
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| psychological risk | Taking a chance on something new, e.g., on a new person or place. (ch 2) (41)
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| psychological safety | Approval and support obtained from familiar people, ideas, and situations. (ch 2) (41)
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| psychological sets | Those types of perceptual filters that are expectations or predispositions to respond by knowing what is about to confront people and preparing for it. (ch 2) (46)
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| public communication | The sender-receiver (speaker) sends a message (the speech) to an audience. (ch 1) (21)
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| public distance | That distance zone, a distance of more than 12 feet, typically used for public speaking. (ch 6) (192)
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| quality (of voice) | Comprised of all voice characteristics: tempo, resonance, rhythm, pitch, and articulation. (ch 6) (180)
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| question-begging epithets | A fallacy that occurs when slanted language is used to reaffirm what we wish to prove but have not proved yet. (ch 17) (624)
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| questions of fact | Questions that deal with what is true and what is false. (ch 10) (364)
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| questions of policy | Questions that are about actions that might be taken in the future. (ch 10) (365)
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| questions of value | Questions of whether something is good or bad, desirable or undesirable. (ch 10) (365)
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| rapport-talk | Type of language women use in conversation, designed to lead to intimacy with others, to match experiences, and to establish relationships. (ch 5) (151)
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| rate (of speech) | Speed at which one speaks. (ch 6) (180)
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| RDAT | In using slides in a presentation, read the visual, describe its meaning or significance, amplify it with an explanation or illustration, and, finally, transition to the next slide. (ch 9) (336)
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| reactive | In this style of responding to undesirable behavior, the mother punishes the child when the behavior appears. (ch 7) (247)
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| reaffirmation | One of eight ways couples have for dealing with or responding to dialectical tension that involves an active recognition by both partners that dialectical tensions will never go away. (ch 7) (245)
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| recalibration | One of eight ways couples have for dealing with or responding to dialectical tension that involves couples in reframing situations so the tugs and pulls on partners do not seem to be in opposite directions. (ch 7) (245)
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| reference list | A list of all the material you have used-and only that which you have used-in preparing your speech. (ch 14) (513)
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| referent power | When leaders enjoy influence because of their personality. (ch 11) (377)
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| reflected appraisals | Messages we get about ourselves from others. (ch 2) (36)
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| regrettable talk | Saying something embarrassing, hurtful, or private to another person. (ch 8) (274)
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| regulators | 1) Nonverbal signals which control the back-and-forth flow of speaking and listening, such as head nods, hand, gestures, and other body movements. (ch 6) (181) 2) Group members who play this role help regulate group discussion by gently reminding members of the agenda or of the point they were discussing when they digressed. (ch 11) (397)
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| relational dialectics | The dynamic interplay between unified oppositions, based on the premise that relationships are organized around the dynamic interplay of opposing tendencies as they are enacted in interaction. (ch 7) (243)
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| report-talk | Type of language men use in conversation, designed to maintain status, to demonstrate knowledge and skills, and to keep center-stage position. (ch 5) (151)
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| response to a bid | A positive or negative answer to somebody's request for emotional connection. (ch 7) (223)
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| résumé | A summary of a person's professional life written for potential employers. (ch 9) (318)
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| reward power | A leader can have an influence if he or she can reward the followers (e.g., through promotions, pay raises, or praise). (ch 11) (376)
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| rhetorical question | A question that audience members answer mentally rather than aloud. (ch 16) (592)
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| ritual language | Communication that takes place when we are in an environment in which a conventionalized response is expected of us. (ch 5) (145)
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| roles | Parts we play, or ways we behave with others. (ch 1) (15)
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| rules | Formal and structured directions for behavior. (ch 10) (351)
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| scannable résumé | Résumés that follow specific guidelines so they can be scanned into a computer to create a searchable database. (ch 9) (322)
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| scripts | Lines and directions given to people by parents, teachers, coaches, religious leaders, friends, and the media that tell them what to say, what they expect, how to look, how to behave, and how to say the lines. (ch 2) (35)
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| search engine | Special tools designed to help you find information on the Internet. They are likely to be your first Web guides when you are searching something by keywords. (ch 13) (462)
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| segmentation | One of eight ways couples have for dealing with or responding to dialectical tension that involves a strategy of compartmentalizing different aspects of a relationship. (ch 7) (245)
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| selective attention | The ability to focus perception. (ch 4) (110)
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| self-concept | How a person thinks about and values himself or herself. (ch 2) (34)
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| self-disclosure | Process by which one person tells another something he or she would not tell just anyone. (ch 7) (230)
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| self-esteem | See self-concept.
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| self-fulfilling prophecies | Events or actions that occur because a person and those around her or him expected them. (ch 2) (37)
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| self-perception | The way in which one sees oneself. (ch 2) (39)
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| selling | That style of situational leadership in which leaders state the problem and decide what to do, but they sell the other group members on the idea to gain majority support. (ch 11) (386)
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| semantic noise | Interference with the message that is caused by people's emotional reactions to words. (ch 1) (12)
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| semiopen format | Interviews that occur based on a core set of standardized questions that are asked in a standard manner and carefully recorded. (ch 9) (307)
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| sender-receiver | In communication situations, people who simultaneously send and receive messages. (ch 1) (9)
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| separation | When nondominants do not want to form a common bond with the dominant culture, so they separate into a group that includes only members like themselves. (ch 3) (84)
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| separation strategies | When people are not part of a dominant culture, those processes people use to get the dominant group to reinvent or change the rules through the use of nonassertive, assertive, or aggressive separation. (ch 3) (84)
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| servant leadership | People who work for the well-being and growth of all employees and are committed to creating a sense of community and sharing power in decision making. (ch 11) (378)
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| setting | Where the communication occurs. (ch 1) (12)
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| shape | The outward form, configuration, or contour of a thing. (ch 16) (581)
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| situational leadership | People who can adopt different leadership styles depending on the situation. (ch 11) (384)
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| size | The measurement or extent of a thing when compared with some standard. (ch 16) (581)
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| small-group communication | Gatherings of 3 to 13 members who meet to do a job or solve a problem. (ch 1) (21)
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| small groups | Gatherings of 3 to 13 members who meet to do a job, solve a problem, or maintain relationships. (ch 10) (347)
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| small talk | Social conversation about unimportant topics that allows a person to maintain contact with a lot of people without making a deep commitment. (ch 7) (222)
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| social comparisons | When people compare themselves with others to see how they measure up. (ch 2) (37)
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| social distance | That distance zone, a range from 4 to 12 feet, that people are most likely to maintain when they do not know people very well. (ch 6) (191)
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| social group | Groups designed to serve the social needs of their participants. (ch 10) (352)
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| space and distance | Those distances people maintain between themselves and others that convey degrees of intimacy and status. (ch 6) (192)
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| spatial order | Organization of a speech by something's location in space (e.g., left to right, top to bottom). (ch 14) (495)
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| specific purpose | A statement for a speech that tells precisely what the speaker wants to accomplish. (ch 12) (429)
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| spiraling inversion | One of eight ways couples have for dealing with or responding to dialectical tension that involves separating the dialectical forces and responding to one pull now, the other pull later. (ch 7) (245)
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| statistics | Facts in numerical form. (ch 13) (475)
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| stereotypes | Oversimplified or distorted views of another race, ethnic group, or culture. (ch 3) (74)
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| stress interview | A type of information interview which is sometimes part of the job search and is designed to see how an interviewee acts under pressure. It is designed to give interviewers a realistic sense of their response to difficult situations. (ch 9) (303)
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| study | An in-depth investigation of a subject. (ch 5) (149)
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| style | The result of the way we select and arrange words and sentences. (ch 5) (149)
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| subculture | People who are part of a larger culture but also belong to a smaller group that has some different values, attitudes, or beliefs. (ch 1) (22) See coculture. (ch 1, 3) (22, 65)
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| subject directory | They include human-selected Internet resources and are arranged and classified in hierarchical topics. (ch 13) (461)
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| subjective view | The personal, internal, mental map of the actual territory or external reality that people experience. (ch 2) (54)
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| substantive conflict | Conflict that arises when people have different reactions to an idea. Substantive conflict is likely to occur when any important and controversial idea is being discussed. (ch 11) (398)
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| support messages | Those messages designed to make a child feel comfortable and secure in the family relationship. (ch 7) (247)
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| supporting material | Information that backs up your main points and provides the main content of the speech. (ch 13) (470)
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| supporting points | That material that backs up the main heads. (ch 4) (114)
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| sweeping generalization | A fallacy that occurs when a general rule is applied to a specific case to which the rule is not applicable because of special features of the case. (ch 17) (624)
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| symbol | Something that stands for something else. (ch 1) (9)
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| synchronous communication | Online group discussion in which group members communicate at the same time. All participants are virtually present at the same time (e.g., in a telephone conversation, a face-to-face encounter, or a real-time, online group format). (ch 10, Appendix) (354, 663)
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| systems theory of family | This theory describes a family as a dynamic whole composed of constantly shifting interrelationships but still bounded and rule-governed. (ch 7) (239)
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| tables | Columns of figures arranged in an order that enables the viewer to easily pick out the needed information. (ch 15) (549)
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| target audience | A subgroup of the whole audience that you must persuade to reach your goal. (ch 17) (620)
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| task-oriented group | A type of group that serves to get something specific accomplished, often problem-solving or decision-making goals. (ch 10) (352)
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| task roles | Roles that help get the job done. Persons who play these roles help groups come up with new ideas, aid in collecting and organizing information, and assist in analyzing the information that exists. (ch 11) (393)
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| telling | That style of situational leadership in which the leader is focused more on the task and less on the group. (ch 11) (385)
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| terminal values | Some final goal that is worth or not worth attaining. (ch 17) (612)
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| territory | Space we consider as belonging to us, either temporarily or permanently. (ch 6) (189)
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| testimony | Another person's statements or actions used to give authority to what the speaker is saying. (ch 13) (478)
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| time order | Organization of a speech by chronology or historical occurrence. (ch 14) (494)
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| time-style listening | That kind of listening in which the listener prefers brief and hurried interaction with others and often lets the communicator know how much time he or she has to make the point. (ch 4) (102)
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| topical order | Organization of a speech used when the subject can be grouped logically into subtopics. (ch 14) (501)
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| touch | To be in contact or come into contact with another person. (ch 6) (193)
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| transactional communication | Communication that involves three principles: 1) people sending messages continuously and simultaneously, 2) communication events that have a past, present, and future, and 3) participants playing certain roles. (ch 1) (14)
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| transitions | Comments that lead from one point to another to tell listeners where speakers have been, where they are now, and where they are going. (ch 14) (511)
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| transpection | The process of empathizing across cultures. (ch 3) (88)
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| trustworthiness | In the giving of a speech, the speaker is perceived as reliable and dependable. (ch 17) (639)
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| uncertainty avoidance | That way of contrasting a group of cultures to another group of cultures that involves tolerance for the unknown. (ch 3) (76)
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| uniforms | The most specialized form of clothing and that type that identifies wearers with particular organizations. (ch 6) (187)
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| usenet newsgroups (or Usenet) | Online group discussions that handle individual messages sorted by broad subject areas that can be subscribed to through Internet or corporate network host providers. (ch 10) (354)
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| values | A type of belief about how we should behave or about some final goal that may or may not be worth attaining. (ch 17) (612)
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| verbal symbol | A word that stands for a particular thing or idea. (ch 1) (10)
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| virtual reality | Like imagineering, it is a computer-generated alternate reality. (Appendix) (674)
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| visual support | Visual material that helps illustrate key points in a speech or presentation. Visual support includes devices such as charts, graphs, slides, and computer-generated graphics. (ch 15) (546)
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| vividness | That property of style by which a thought is so presented that it evokes lifelike imagery or suggestion. (ch 5) (159)
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| vocal fillers | Words we use to fill out our sentences or to cover up when we are searching for words. (ch 6) (181)
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| volume (of vocal sound) | How loudly we speak. (ch 6) (180)
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| web conferencing or web forums | Online group discussions that use text messages (and sometimes images) stored on a computer as the communication medium. Messages are typed into the computer for others to read. (ch 10) (354)
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| web forums | (also known as web conferencing) Group discussions that use text messages (and sometimes images) stored on a computer as the communication medium. (ch 10) (354)
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| web portal | The home page your browser displays when you first connect to the Net. (ch 12) (418)
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| weight | The heaviness of a mass, object, or thing. (ch 16) (581)
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| worldview | An all-encompassing set of moral, ethical, and philosophical principles and beliefs which governs the way people live their lives an interact with others. (ch 3) (67)
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