Chapter Outline

1. Tactical. Tactical analysis is used to promote a quick response to field problems

2. Strategic. Concerned with long-range problems and making projections about likely increases or decreases in crime rates and trends.

3. Administrative. Focuses on providing economic, social, geographic, or other information to administrators.

1. Trends. Trends are generally crimes committed across a large geographic area over an extended period of time.

2. Patterns. A group of the same crimes committed over a shorter period of time, sometimes, but not always, committed by the same offender.

3. Series. In a series, the same type of crime is committed over a shorter period of time, probably by the same offender.

4. Spree. A group of kids walking through a neighborhood vandalizing cars by spray painting their license plates read is an example of a spree.

5. Hot Spot. A hot spot is a geographic location where various crimes are committed on a regular basis.

6. Crimogen. A crimogen is defined as an individually known offender who is responsible for a large number of crimes or one victim reporting a large number of crimes.

1. The FBI’s Carnivore software is a "sniffer" program, which can be employed, pursuant to a showing of probably cause and obtaining legal authority to use it.

2. The September 11 attacks and the subsequent enactment of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 provides law enforcement with new, broadened electronic surveillance authority.

1. Criticisms of Profiling. Despite its successes, profiling as a field is not without criticisms. Include in these criticisms are untrained or inadequately trained profilers, promising too much and delivering too little, relying on inadequate or dated databases, overstating the meaning of physical evidence.

2. The Mad Bomber. Criminal profiling has a history of about 50 years, with its most important milestones coming in the past quarter century. Noteworthy among early events is the work of New York City criminal psychiatrist James Brussels on the "Mad Bomber case."

3. Methods of Profiling. Because profiling was regarded as unconventional and documented successes, were isolated events, profiling did not make much progress for the roughly 20 years following the apprehension of the Mad Bomber.

1. Stage 1: Collecting inputs, which are essential for accurate profiling.

2. State 2: Using Decision Process Models, which is the process of organizing and arranging the inputs into meaning patterns.

3. Stage 3: making the crime assessment, which is the reconstruction of the sequence of events and the behavior of both the victim and the offender.

4. Stage 4: Developing the criminal profile, a process which addresses the type of person who committed the crime and that individual’s behavioral organization in relation to the crime, including background information, physical characteristics, habits, beliefs, values, pre-offense behavior leading to the crime and post-offense behavior.

5. Stage 5: Continuing the on-going investigation by those assigned to it, with the profiler making adjustments in the profile if fresh information warrants it and being available to discuss the case with those assigned on an as-needed basis.

6. Stage 6: Following the apprehension, reviewing the agreement between the outcome and the various stages of the profiling process are examined.

1. Interpersonal Coherence assumes that offenders will deal with their victims in a manner similar to the way they treat people in their day-to-day lives.

2. The Significance of Time and Place may provide analysts with clues about the offender’s mobility and even his residence.

3. Criminal Characteristics are used by researchers and analysts to place offenders into broad categories, from which subcategories can be selected or developed.

4. Criminal Career is an assessment as to whether the offender may have engaged in criminal activity before and what type of activity it most likely was.

5. Forensic Awareness draws in part from Step 4 above, criminal career. It is an assessment of the scene and evidence to determine if the offender has any special knowledge of evidence gathering procedures used by the police.

1. Equivocal Forensic Analysis. "The word ‘equivocal’ refers to anything that cane be interpreted in more than one way or when the interpretation is questioned. "Equivocal forensic analysis" refers to a review of all physical evidence which questions all assumptions and conclusions.

2. Victimology. Victimology is the thorough study and analysis of the victim’s characteristics.

3. Crime Scene Characteristics. These characteristics may include, among many other things, method of approach, method of attack, method of controlling the victim, location, nature, type, and sequence of sexual acts, materials used, verbal statements, and precautionary acts taken by the offender.

4. Deduction of Offender Characteristics. The first three steps are for the most part based on the scientific tenets of crime scene reconstruction and established forensic sciences; however, while relaying on these inputs, the fourth step is more artful and therefore a matter of expertise rather than science. Offender characteristics fall into two categories: "hard" and "soft."

1. Geoprofiling/GP is an investigative strategy that uses the locations of a series of crimes to determine the most probable area of the offenders residence.

2. GP does not "solve" crimes; it does prioritize suspects and their likely addresses, thereby allowing investigators to focus their resources and strategies, e.g., saturation patrol, surveillance, and neighborhood canvasses, where they have the highest probability of being successful.

1. Business Indicators of Financial Difficulty. Examples include but are not limited to: (See Slide 8-13)

2. Personal Indicators of Financial Difficulty. Examples include:

3. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. FinCen is located within the U.S. Department of Treasury and is one of the primary agencies tasked to prevent and detect money laundering by arms dealers, terrorists, drug dealers, criminal enterprises, and others.

1. The Behavioral Analysis Unit, whose mission is providing behavior-based investigative and operational support for complex and time sensitive cases typically involving threats and acts of violence.

2. The Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center (CASMIRC), which was mandated by the Congress in 1998.

3. The Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP), the function of which is to facilitate cooperation, coordination, and communication among enforcement in support of their efforts to investigate, identify, track, apprehend, and prosecute violent serial offenders.

1. As time passes and new technologies and capabilities become available, it is essential that information systems take advantage of them and are responsive to new client needs.

2. This is was that in mid-1999 that the newest version of the FBI’s system, NCIC 2000, came on line. (See Slide 8-16)

1. By 1998, the FBI’s Combined DAN Index System (CODIS) was fully operational, tying together a three-tier hierarchy of local, state, and federal DNA files.