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1 | |
Thinkers who can be clearly identified as sociologists began to appear in the: |
| | A) | 1600s. |
| | B) | 1700s. |
| | C) | 1800s. |
| | D) | 1900s. |
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2 | |
In his lectures at the Al-Azhar University in Cairo in the 1300s, ____________ devoted considerable attention to social institutions such as politics and the economy. |
| | A) | Ibn-Khaldun |
| | B) | Saint-Simon |
| | C) | Sun Tzu |
| | D) | Tariq Ali |
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3 | |
In 1789 the French Revolution caused many social thinkers to be disturbed by the resulting _________, and it created a desire to restore ______________. |
| | A) | democracy; the monarchy to power |
| | B) | regime change; the ancien regime |
| | C) | social dynamics; social statics to society |
| | D) | chaos; order to society |
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4 | |
Early sociologists wanted to model sociology after the prestigious and influential disciplines of: |
| | A) | economics, history, and philosophy. |
| | B) | physics, biology and chemistry. |
| | C) | anthropology, criminology, and psychology. |
| | D) | electrical, chemical, and civil engineering. |
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5 | |
The ____________ was a period of intellectual development and change characterized by the belief that people could comprehend and control the universe by means of reason and empirical research. |
| | A) | Renaissance |
| | B) | Industrial Revolution |
| | C) | Enlightenment |
| | D) | Golden Age |
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6 | |
The conservative reaction to the Enlightenment tended to see modern social changes such as industrialization, urbanization, and bureaucratization as having _________________. |
| | A) | disorganizing effects on society as a whole. |
| | B) | positive consequences for workers. |
| | C) | proven the worth of our scientific knowledge. |
| | D) | redistributed wealth to rich elites at the expense of the poor. |
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7 | |
___________ believe in studying social phenomena using the same scientific techniques as those used in the natural sciences. |
| | A) | Logicians |
| | B) | Positivists |
| | C) | Pragmatists |
| | D) | Anglophiles |
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8 | |
According to Auguste Comte, groups, societies, sciences, and individuals all go through the following three stages: |
| | A) | primary, secondary, and tertiary |
| | B) | primative, premodern, and modern |
| | C) | theological, metaphysical, and positivistic |
| | D) | feudal, capitalist, and socialist |
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9 | |
Emile Durkheim believed that ___________ is not a necessary part of the modern world and that it could be reduced by ____________. |
| | A) | inequality; redistribution of wealth |
| | B) | deviance; education |
| | C) | religion; science |
| | D) | social disorder; social reform |
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10 | |
Social facts are forces and structures that are: |
| | A) | internal to, and coercive of, the individual. |
| | B) | external to, and coercive of, the individual. |
| | C) | internal to, and coercive of, social organizations. |
| | D) | external to, and coercive of, social organizations. |
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11 | |
G.W.F. Hegel's philosophy of ___________ emphasized the importance of the mind and mental products rather than the material world. |
| | A) | monadism |
| | B) | spiritualism |
| | C) | idealism |
| | D) | utilitarianism |
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12 | |
_______ argued that the problems of modern life can be traced to real, material sources (such as the structures of capitalism) and that the solutions can, therefore, be found only in the overturning of those structures by the collective action of large numbers of people. |
| | A) | G.W.F. Hegel |
| | B) | Ludwig Feuerbach |
| | C) | Friedrich Nietzsche |
| | D) | Karl Marx |
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13 | |
What was the reaction of the majority of early sociologists, especially in America, to Marx's ideas? |
| | A) | They were hostile. |
| | B) | They were receptive. |
| | C) | They were ambivalent. |
| | D) | They were supportive. |
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14 | |
_______ is the breakdown of the natural interconnection among people and between people and what they produce. |
| | A) | Trepidation |
| | B) | Alienation |
| | C) | Decomposition |
| | D) | Commodification |
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15 | |
Marx's theory of stratification focused on _________, while Max Weber argued for the importance of __________. |
| | A) | workers; managers |
| | B) | social class; status |
| | C) | status; social class |
| | D) | managers; workers |
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16 | |
Weber was interested in the general issue of why institutions in the Western world had grown progressively more ____________ while power barriers seemed to prevent a similar development in the rest of the world. |
| | A) | rational |
| | B) | irrational |
| | C) | corrupt |
| | D) | powerful |
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17 | |
Georg Simmel was best known for his thinking on: |
| | A) | large-scale social issues like capitalism and exploitation. |
| | B) | contemporary social problems like Anti-Semitism and racism. |
| | C) | smaller-scale issues like individual action and interaction. |
| | D) | interplanetary travel and extraterrestrial societies. |
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18 | |
___________ was a British approach to solving social problems by reforming individuals. |
| | A) | Populism |
| | B) | Ameliorism |
| | C) | Materialism |
| | D) | Hedonism |
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19 | |
____________ like Herbert Spencer accepted the view that a process of natural selection-"survival of the fittest"-occurred in the social world. |
| | A) | Social Malthusians |
| | B) | Social Newtonians |
| | C) | Social Victorians |
| | D) | Social Darwinists |
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20 | |
Which of the following classical thinkers is credited for being the first to use the term "sociology"? |
| | A) | Karl Marx |
| | B) | Max Weber |
| | C) | Emile Durkheim |
| | D) | Auguste Comte |
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21 | |
During the Industrial Revolution, large numbers of people left the industrial occupations offered in burgeoning factories to work on farms in protest against poor wages and working conditions. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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22 | |
Whereas Enlightenment thinkers tended to emphasize society and large-scale phenomena, the conservative reaction led to a major sociological interest in the individual. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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23 | |
Claude Henri Saint-Simon believed that the study of social phenomena should employ the same scientific techniques as the natural sciences, and he also saw the need for socialist reforms, especially the centralized planning of the economic system. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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24 | |
Durkheim's work was ignored in France throughout his lifetime. It was only recognized after German sociologists adopted his methods and ideas. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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25 | |
The dialectic is a way of thinking that stresses the importance of processes, relations, dynamics, conflicts, and contradictions; it is a dynamic rather than static way of thinking about the world. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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26 | |
Marx tended to view Weber and the Weberians of his day as economic determinists who offered single-cause theories of social life. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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27 | |
Weber argued that the distinctively rational religious system of Calvinism played the central role in the rise of capitalism in the West. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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28 | |
Comte, Spencer, Marx and Freud all tended to see society as an organism. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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29 | |
The Italian sociologist Vilfredo Pareto offered an elite theory of social change, which held that society is inevitably dominated by a small elite that operates on the basis of enlightened self-interest. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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30 | |
Hegelian Marxists sought to combine Hegel's interest in consciousness with the Marxists' interests in the economic structures of society. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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2004 McGraw-Hill Higher Education