Please answer all questions.
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| 1 | |
The utilization of oxygen by metabolic processes is correctly referred to as _____. |
| | A) | respiration |
| | B) | ventilation |
| | C) | external respiration |
| | D) | cell respiration |
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| 2 | |
Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract? |
| | A) | lungs |
| | B) | trachea |
| | C) | bronchi |
| | D) | pharynx |
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| 3 | |
The internal nares will open into the _____. |
| | A) | trachea |
| | B) | nasopharynx |
| | C) | oropharynx |
| | D) | nasal cavity |
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| 4 | |
The olfactory nerves pass through openings in the _____. |
| | A) | vomer |
| | B) | cribriform plate |
| | C) | superior conchae |
| | D) | nasal septum |
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| 5 | |
Most of the respiratory passage surface is lined with _____. |
| | A) | pseudostratified epithelium |
| | B) | simple columnar cells |
| | C) | stratified squamous cells |
| | D) | simple squamous epithelium |
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| 6 | |
Which of the following is NOT a property of the mucous lining of the respiratory tract? |
| | A) | warms incoming air |
| | B) | contains microvilli |
| | C) | contains cilia |
| | D) | cleanses particles |
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| 7 | |
Which of the following does NOT contain a sinus? |
| | A) | frontal bone |
| | B) | ethmoid |
| | C) | zygomatic bone |
| | D) | sphenoid bone |
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| 8 | |
What is the anatomical term for the throat? |
| | A) | larynx |
| | B) | pharynx |
| | C) | trachea |
| | D) | esophagus |
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| 9 | |
Where are the palatine tonsils located? |
| | A) | oropharynx |
| | B) | nasopharynx |
| | C) | laryngopharynx |
| | D) | nasal cavity proper |
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| 10 | |
The epiglottis is part of the _____ and covers the glottis. |
| | A) | trachea |
| | B) | oropharynx |
| | C) | larynx |
| | D) | laryngopharynx |
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| 11 | |
The true vocal cords move because they are attached to the ______ cartilage. |
| | A) | thyroid |
| | B) | cricoid |
| | C) | corniculate |
| | D) | arytenoid |
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| 12 | |
C-shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the _____. |
| | A) | trachea |
| | B) | bronchioles |
| | C) | larynx |
| | D) | pharynx |
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| 13 | |
The carina separates the _____ from each other. |
| | A) | lungs |
| | B) | secondary bronchi |
| | C) | primary bronchi |
| | D) | trachea and bronchi |
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| 14 | |
There are _____ secondary bronchi? |
| | A) | 2 |
| | B) | 4 |
| | C) | 5 |
| | D) | 6 |
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| 15 | |
The bronchioles enter the _____ of the lungs. |
| | A) | carina |
| | B) | hilus |
| | C) | lobules |
| | D) | alveoli |
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| 16 | |
The functional gas exchanging units are termed _____. |
| | A) | lobules |
| | B) | lobar areas |
| | C) | alveoli |
| | D) | bronchioles |
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| 17 | |
The relative amount of smooth muscle is highest in the _____. |
| | A) | primary bronchi |
| | B) | bronchioles |
| | C) | trachea |
| | D) | secondary bronchi |
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| 18 | |
The tissue lining the alveoli is _____ epithelium. |
| | A) | pseudostratified columnar |
| | B) | cuboidal |
| | C) | simple squamous |
| | D) | stratified squamous |
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| 19 | |
How many alveoli are there in an average adult lung? |
| | A) | 100,000 |
| | B) | 1 million |
| | C) | 300,000,000 |
| | D) | 50,000 |
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| 20 | |
Gas is exchanged in the alveoli by a process of _____. |
| | A) | simple diffusion |
| | B) | active transport |
| | C) | facilitated diffusion |
| | D) | filtration |
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| 21 | |
What is the entrance into the lungs called? |
| | A) | carina |
| | B) | apex |
| | C) | lobule |
| | D) | hilus |
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| 22 | |
The pleural cavity is the space between the lung and _____. |
| | A) | visceral pleural |
| | B) | thoracic wall |
| | C) | parietal pleura |
| | D) | mediastinum |
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| 23 | |
The main function of the pleural membranes is to _____. |
| | A) | maintain pressure |
| | B) | increase thoracic pressure |
| | C) | remove foreign particles |
| | D) | reduce friction |
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| 24 | |
Atmospheric pressure is around _____ mmHg. |
| | A) | 760 |
| | B) | 500 |
| | C) | 120 |
| | D) | 850 |
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| 25 | |
The movement of air within the respiratory system is correctly referred to as _____. |
| | A) | breathing |
| | B) | inhalation |
| | C) | exhalation |
| | D) | ventilation |
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| 26 | |
What prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation? |
| | A) | surface tension |
| | B) | cartilage |
| | C) | surfactant |
| | D) | pressure |
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| 27 | |
The main force causing the exhalation of air is the _____. |
| | A) | contraction of diaphragm |
| | B) | elastic recoil |
| | C) | diaphragm relaxation |
| | D) | intercostal muscles |
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| 28 | |
During inspiration the intra-alveolar pressure reaches _____. |
| | A) | 760 mmHg |
| | B) | 758 mmHg |
| | C) | 763 mmHg |
| | D) | 730 mmHg |
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| 29 | |
A pneumothorax occurs when the thoracic pleural pressure reaches around _____ mmHg. |
| | A) | 780 |
| | B) | 760 |
| | C) | 755 |
| | D) | 0 |
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| 30 | |
The _____ muscle can cause a forced exhalation. |
| | A) | diaphragm |
| | B) | pectoralis major |
| | C) | internal intercostal |
| | D) | external intercostal |
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| 31 | |
The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal, restful breathing is called the _____. |
| | A) | vital capacity |
| | B) | tidal volume |
| | C) | total lung capacity |
| | D) | expiratory reserve volume |
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| 32 | |
The amount of air that cannot be expelled is the _____. |
| | A) | total lung capacity |
| | B) | expiratory reserve volume |
| | C) | functional residual capacity |
| | D) | residual volume |
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| 33 | |
Which of these is the sum of the other three? |
| | A) | tidal volume |
| | B) | expiratory reserve |
| | C) | vital capacity |
| | D) | inspiratory reserve |
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| 34 | |
The total amount of air that cannot be exchanged either because of disease or because it cannot reach an exchange site is termed the _____. |
| | A) | anatomical dead space |
| | B) | physiologic dead space |
| | C) | residual volume |
| | D) | functional reserve capacity |
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| 35 | |
The condition characterized by alveolar fibrosis with difficulty exhaling is _____. |
| | A) | bronchial asthma |
| | B) | bronchogenic carcinoma |
| | C) | emphysema |
| | D) | poliomyelitis |
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| 36 | |
The condition characterized by difficulty breathing due to an allergic response is _____. |
| | A) | pulmonary cancer |
| | B) | bronchial asthma |
| | C) | tuberculosis |
| | D) | atelectasis |
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| 37 | |
Non-respiratory movements are most easily triggered by stimuli in which of these areas? |
| | A) | larynx |
| | B) | alveoli |
| | C) | distal bronchioles |
| | D) | alveolar ducts |
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| 38 | |
Which reflex involves a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm? |
| | A) | sneeze |
| | B) | hiccup |
| | C) | cough |
| | D) | yawn |
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| 39 | |
Which reflex is caused by local alveolar decreases in oxygen content? |
| | A) | cough |
| | B) | laugh |
| | C) | hiccup |
| | D) | yawn |
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| 40 | |
Breathing is mainly controlled by the _____. |
| | A) | local alveoli |
| | B) | medulla oblongata |
| | C) | pons |
| | D) | pneumotaxic center |
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| 41 | |
Which area exerts its effect on the primary breathing control areas? |
| | A) | pneumotaxic area of pons |
| | B) | dorsal respiratory group |
| | C) | ventral respiratory group |
| | D) | brain stem rhythmicity centers |
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| 42 | |
Which of the following factors favors an increase in breathing rate? |
| | A) | increased blood oxygen |
| | B) | increased blood carbon dioxide |
| | C) | increased pH |
| | D) | decreased acidity |
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| 43 | |
Which of the following does NOT stimulate the medullary breathing center chemosensitive neurons? |
| | A) | low blood pH |
| | B) | low blood oxygen |
| | C) | high blood carbon dioxide |
| | D) | high spinal fluid acidity |
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| 44 | |
Which of these is NOT a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? |
| | A) | emphysema |
| | B) | asthma |
| | C) | lung cancer |
| | D) | bronchitis |
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| 45 | |
Which mechanism prevents over-inflation of the lungs? |
| | A) | surfactant secretion |
| | B) | blood pH levels |
| | C) | the chemoreceptor reflexes |
| | D) | Hering-Breuer reflex |
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| 46 | |
Which is the most common cause of hyperventilation? |
| | A) | low pH |
| | B) | high pH |
| | C) | anxiety |
| | D) | high carbon dioxide |
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| 47 | |
Which is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? |
| | A) | oxygen |
| | B) | carbon dioxide |
| | C) | argon |
| | D) | nitrogen |
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| 48 | |
What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen? |
| | A) | 160 mm Hg |
| | B) | 21% |
| | C) | 760 mm Hg |
| | D) | 0.3 mm Hg |
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| 49 | |
What is the normal PCO2 of the capillary blood? |
| | A) | 0.05 mm Hg |
| | B) | 45 mm Hg |
| | C) | 40 mm Hg |
| | D) | 104 mmHg |
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| 50 | |
What is the normal PO2 of the alveolar air? |
| | A) | 40 mm Hg |
| | B) | 45 mm Hg |
| | C) | 104 mm Hg |
| | D) | 50 mm Hg |
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| 51 | |
Where is the highest amount of carbon dioxide found? |
| | A) | in the air |
| | B) | in the alveoli |
| | C) | the arteries entering the lung |
| | D) | the veins leaving the lung |
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| 52 | |
Which condition is characterized by inflammation and infection involving the alveoli? |
| | A) | ARDS |
| | B) | tuberculosis |
| | C) | pneumonia |
| | D) | atelectasis |
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| 53 | |
Most of the oxygen in the blood is found in the _____. |
| | A) | plasma |
| | B) | hemoglobin |
| | C) | iron |
| | D) | capillaries |
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| 54 | |
At high PO2 levels, where is most oxygen located? |
| | A) | oxyhemoglobin |
| | B) | hemoglobin |
| | C) | plasma |
| | D) | free heme |
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| 55 | |
Which of the following factors favors a release of oxygen from hemoglobin? |
| | A) | decreased CO2 |
| | B) | decreased pH |
| | C) | lower blood temperature |
| | D) | increased pH |
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| 56 | |
Which of these has the highest affinity for hemoglobin? |
| | A) | CO2 |
| | B) | nitrogen |
| | C) | O2 |
| | D) | CO |
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| 57 | |
How is most carbon dioxide transported? |
| | A) | dissolved in the plasma |
| | B) | as carbaminohemoglobin |
| | C) | as bicarbonate |
| | D) | on the heme |
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| 58 | |
The most important factor that allows the blood to carry carbon dioxide in high amounts is _____. |
| | A) | pressure |
| | B) | tissue production |
| | C) | carbonic anhydrase |
| | D) | hemoglobin affinity |
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| 59 | |
The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body is called _________________. |
| | A) | external respiration |
| | B) | internal respiration |
| | C) | pulmonary ventilation |
| | D) | cellular respiration |
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| 60 | |
Which of these functions cannot be attributed to the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity? |
| | A) | warms incoming air |
| | B) | filters particles from incoming air |
| | C) | moistens incoming air |
| | D) | initial gas exchange between air and blood occurs here |
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| 61 | |
The ____________ cartilage(s) mark(s) the lowermost portion of the larynx. |
| | A) | cricoid |
| | B) | thyroid |
| | C) | epiglottic |
| | D) | corniculate |
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| 62 | |
The true vocal cords are those that produce the sounds of the human voice. Where are these located? |
| | A) | opposite the cuneiform cartilages |
| | B) | superior to the false vocal cords |
| | C) | inferior to the false vocal cords |
| | D) | within the pharynx |
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| 63 | |
Thin-walled outpouchings of the alveolar ducts of the lungs are the ___________________. |
| | A) | alveolar ducts |
| | B) | alveolar sacs |
| | C) | alveoli |
| | D) | respiratory bronchioles |
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| 64 | |
The primary force responsible for air moving into the lungs during inhalation is _________________. |
| | A) | atmospheric pressure |
| | B) | muscular contraction |
| | C) | reduced surface tension inside the lungs |
| | D) | muscular relaxation |
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| 65 | |
The lipoprotein known as _____________ reduces surface tension within the alveoli so they do NOT collapse during exhalation. |
| | A) | surfactant |
| | B) | phospholipid |
| | C) | beryllium |
| | D) | alveolar membrane lipoprotein |
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| 66 | |
The force of exhalation is primarily due to _____________________. |
| | A) | greater atmospheric pressure outside the lungs than inside |
| | B) | elastic recoil of lung tissue |
| | C) | forceful blowing to remove air from the lungs |
| | D) | muscular contraction |
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| 67 | |
Even after the most forceful exhalation, a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. This volume is called the ________________. |
| | A) | tidal volume |
| | B) | expiratory reserve volume |
| | C) | vital capacity |
| | D) | residual volume |
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| 68 | |
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is the _________________. |
| | A) | total lung capacity |
| | B) | inspiratory reserve volume |
| | C) | vital capacity |
| | D) | expiratory reserve volume |
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| 69 | |
The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by which portion of the brain? |
| | A) | peripheral chemoreceptors |
| | B) | dorsal respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center |
| | C) | ventral respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center |
| | D) | pneumotaxic area |
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| 70 | |
The respiratory membrane, across which gases diffuse, is very thin and is made up of _______________. |
| | A) | alveolar macrophages and the alveolar cell membrane |
| | B) | alveolar cell membrane and its basement membrane |
| | C) | alveolar cell membrane and capillary membrane |
| | D) | alveolar cell membrane, capillary membrane, and fused basement membranes |
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| 71 | |
Whether oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood or NOT is dependent upon _______________. |
| | A) | the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs and in the blood |
| | B) | the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs only |
| | C) | the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood |
| | D) | the partial pressure of all gases in the atmosphere and blood |
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| 72 | |
What is the first structure in this respiratory sequence? |
| | A) | lungs |
| | B) | trachea |
| | C) | larynx |
| | D) | pharynx |
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| 73 | |
Which structures play the greatest role in warming and humidifying air? |
| | A) | ethmoid sinus |
| | B) | soft palate |
| | C) | conchae |
| | D) | frontal sinus |
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| 74 | |
The area directly superior to the soft palate is the _____. |
| | A) | larynx |
| | B) | nasopharynx |
| | C) | oral cavity |
| | D) | oropharynx |
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| 75 | |
Which passageway serves as a common route for food or air? |
| | A) | esophagus |
| | B) | oropharynx |
| | C) | nasopharynx |
| | D) | trachea |
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| 76 | |
What is the opening to the larynx called? |
| | A) | trachea |
| | B) | epiglottis |
| | C) | laryngopharynx |
| | D) | glottis |
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| 77 | |
What is the Adam's apple directly part of? |
| | A) | thyroid cartilage |
| | B) | tracheal rings |
| | C) | cricoid cartilage |
| | D) | epiglottis |
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| 78 | |
Which part of the bronchial tree has the greatest relative percentage of smooth muscle fibers? |
| | A) | trachea |
| | B) | alveoli |
| | C) | bronchi |
| | D) | bronchioles |
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| 79 | |
The only structures that allow gas diffusion across them are the _____. |
| | A) | bronchioles |
| | B) | alveoli |
| | C) | alveolar ducts |
| | D) | bronchi |
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| 80 | |
The space between the two lungs is called the _____. |
| | A) | pleural cavity |
| | B) | thoracic space |
| | C) | mediastinum |
| | D) | pericardial cavity |
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| 81 | |
What are the most powerful stimuli for breathing? |
| | A) | high pH; high CO2 |
| | B) | low pH; low CO2 |
| | C) | low pH; high CO2 |
| | D) | high pH: low CO2 |
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