Please answer all questions.
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| 1 | |
The outermost covering of the kidney is the _____. |
| | A) | cortex |
| | B) | medulla |
| | C) | pelvis |
| | D) | capsule |
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| 2 | |
The kidneys are located in the _____ space. |
| | A) | pelvic cavity |
| | B) | peritoneal cavity |
| | C) | abdominal |
| | D) | retroperitoneal |
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| 3 | |
The entrance into the kidney is called the _____. |
| | A) | sinus |
| | B) | renal column |
| | C) | hilum |
| | D) | pyramid |
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| 4 | |
Which structure is the first to collect the urine? |
| | A) | pelvis |
| | B) | calyx |
| | C) | ureter |
| | D) | urethra |
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| 5 | |
Each minor calyx receives urine from the _____. |
| | A) | renal papillae |
| | B) | pelvis |
| | C) | ureter |
| | D) | columns |
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| 6 | |
The renal pyramids are located within the _____. |
| | A) | column |
| | B) | cortex |
| | C) | medulla |
| | D) | pelvis |
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| 7 | |
The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by _____. |
| | A) | parallel blood vessels |
| | B) | microtubules |
| | C) | connective tissue |
| | D) | nerve fibers |
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| 8 | |
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? |
| | A) | alveolus |
| | B) | renal pyramid |
| | C) | renal pelvis |
| | D) | nephron |
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| 9 | |
The kidney secretes _____ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity. |
| | A) | renin |
| | B) | aldosterone |
| | C) | erythropoietin |
| | D) | somatomedin |
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| 10 | |
The kidney secretes _____ which is an enzyme-hormone which raises blood pressure. |
| | A) | aldosterone |
| | B) | renin |
| | C) | angiotensinogen |
| | D) | angiotensin II |
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| 11 | |
What is the function of the renal system? |
| | A) | maintain blood pH |
| | B) | regulate blood pressure |
| | C) | control blood concentration |
| | D) | all of these |
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| 12 | |
How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys? |
| | A) | 10% |
| | B) | 25% |
| | C) | 50% |
| | D) | 65% |
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| 13 | |
Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex? |
| | A) | interlobular artery |
| | B) | arcuate artery |
| | C) | interlobar artery |
| | D) | efferent arteriole |
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| 14 | |
The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and _____. |
| | A) | proximal convoluted tubule |
| | B) | Bowman's capsule |
| | C) | loop of Henle |
| | D) | distal convoluted tubule |
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| 15 | |
Which section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? |
| | A) | descending limb of the loop |
| | B) | proximal convoluted tubule |
| | C) | distal convoluted tubule |
| | D) | collecting duct |
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| 16 | |
The last part of a nephron is the _____. |
| | A) | collecting duct |
| | B) | renal papilla |
| | C) | distal convoluted tubule |
| | D) | glomerulus |
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| 17 | |
Which area actually secretes renin into the blood? |
| | A) | macula densa |
| | B) | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| | C) | juxtaglomerular cells |
| | D) | cortical nephron |
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| 18 | |
Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron? |
| | A) | efferent arteriole |
| | B) | vasa recta |
| | C) | peritubular capillary |
| | D) | interlobular vein |
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| 19 | |
Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle? |
| | A) | vasa recta |
| | B) | peritubular capillaries |
| | C) | interlobular arteries |
| | D) | efferent arterioles |
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| 20 | |
Which process is most affected by blood pressure? |
| | A) | tubular secretion |
| | B) | tubular reabsorption |
| | C) | glomerular filtration |
| | D) | loop of Henle diffusion |
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| 21 | |
Which of the following are NOT found in the glomerular filtrate? |
| | A) | glucose |
| | B) | protein |
| | C) | uric acid |
| | D) | creatinine |
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| 22 | |
Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys? |
| | A) | urea |
| | B) | uric acid |
| | C) | creatine |
| | D) | creatinine |
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| 23 | |
Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine? |
| | A) | glucose |
| | B) | sodium |
| | C) | uric acid |
| | D) | phosphate |
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| 24 | |
Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium? |
| | A) | chloride |
| | B) | potassium |
| | C) | calcium |
| | D) | magnesium |
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| 25 | |
What is the average glomerular filtration rate? |
| | A) | 10L per day |
| | B) | 180L per day |
| | C) | 1,500 ml per day |
| | D) | 1 ml per minute |
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| 26 | |
Which of the following is usually NOT found in the urine? |
| | A) | magnesium |
| | B) | urea |
| | C) | uric acid |
| | D) | glucose |
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| 27 | |
How much urine is formed in 24 hours? |
| | A) | 12 liters |
| | B) | 100 ml |
| | C) | 1.5L |
| | D) | 3,000cc |
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| 28 | |
Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I. |
| | A) | angiotensin II |
| | B) | angiotensinogen |
| | C) | ACE |
| | D) | aldosterone |
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| 29 | |
The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _____. |
| | A) | nerves |
| | B) | adrenal cortex |
| | C) | adrenal medulla |
| | D) | kidney nephron |
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| 30 | |
Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the _____. |
| | A) | loop of Henle |
| | B) | peritubular capillaries |
| | C) | renal corpuscle |
| | D) | renal pyramid |
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| 31 | |
Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the _____. |
| | A) | loop of Henle |
| | B) | distal convoluted tubule |
| | C) | proximal convoluted tubule |
| | D) | glomerulus |
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| 32 | |
Which part of the kidney tubule has the most microvilli? |
| | A) | loop of Henle |
| | B) | distal convoluted tubule |
| | C) | loop of Henle |
| | D) | proximal convoluted tubule |
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| 33 | |
Which of the following occurred by active transport? |
| | A) | albumin in the urine |
| | B) | creatine in the urine |
| | C) | reabsorption of water at the proximal tubule |
| | D) | reabsorption of amino acids |
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| 34 | |
Which of these does NOT operate under a renal threshold mechanism? |
| | A) | creatine |
| | B) | ascorbic acid |
| | C) | sodium |
| | D) | citric acid |
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| 35 | |
The action of aldosterone is to increase _____. |
| | A) | sodium elimination |
| | B) | sodium reabsorption |
| | C) | potassium reabsorption |
| | D) | chloride excretion |
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| 36 | |
How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron? |
| | A) | 10% |
| | B) | 1% |
| | C) | 70% |
| | D) | 99% |
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| 37 | |
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the _____. |
| | A) | proximal convoluted tubule |
| | B) | loop of Henle |
| | C) | distal convoluted tubule |
| | D) | collecting ducts |
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| 38 | |
The fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ relative to the capillaries. |
| | A) | isotonic |
| | B) | weakly hypotonic |
| | C) | strongly hypotonic |
| | D) | hypertonic |
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| 39 | |
The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to _____. |
| | A) | increase the concentration of NaCl |
| | B) | decrease the concentration of NaCl |
| | C) | change the blood levels of potassium |
| | D) | conserve potassium |
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| 40 | |
What affect does ADH have on urine output? |
| | A) | minimal |
| | B) | increases |
| | C) | decreases |
| | D) | maintains |
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| 41 | |
Where does ADH have its greatest effect? |
| | A) | loop of Henle |
| | B) | proximal convoluted tubule |
| | C) | distal convoluted tubule |
| | D) | glomerulus |
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| 42 | |
Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of _____ in the blood. |
| | A) | protein |
| | B) | creatinine |
| | C) | urea |
| | D) | uric acid |
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| 43 | |
Uric acid results from _____ metabolism. |
| | A) | protein |
| | B) | carbohydrate |
| | C) | purine |
| | D) | pyrimidine |
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| 44 | |
Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the _____ into the distal convoluted tubule. |
| | A) | loop of Henle |
| | B) | glomerulus |
| | C) | vasa recta |
| | D) | peritubular capillaries |
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| 45 | |
Which of these is NOT usually secreted by the kidneys? |
| | A) | creatine |
| | B) | creatinine |
| | C) | H+ |
| | D) | penicillin |
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| 46 | |
The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is _____. |
| | A) | creatinine |
| | B) | inulin |
| | C) | para-aminohippuric acid |
| | D) | creatine |
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| 47 | |
Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids? |
| | A) | urea |
| | B) | uric acid |
| | C) | glycine |
| | D) | ketone |
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| 48 | |
Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of _____ into the urine. |
| | A) | glucose |
| | B) | uric acid |
| | C) | albumin |
| | D) | ascorbic acid |
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| 49 | |
What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder? |
| | A) | gravity |
| | B) | hydrostatic pressure |
| | C) | peristalsis |
| | D) | osmotic pressure |
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| 50 | |
Renal calculi are usually comprised of the following except which one? |
| | A) | calcium oxalate |
| | B) | cholesterol |
| | C) | uric acid |
| | D) | magnesium phosphate |
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| 51 | |
The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of _____. |
| | A) | smooth muscle |
| | B) | squamous epithelium |
| | C) | transitional epithelium |
| | D) | simple columnar epithelium |
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| 52 | |
Which of these is under voluntary control? |
| | A) | urethra |
| | B) | detrusor muscle |
| | C) | internal urethral sphincter |
| | D) | external urethral sphincter |
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| 53 | |
The micturition reflex is centered in the _____. |
| | A) | medulla |
| | B) | sacral cord |
| | C) | hypothalamus |
| | D) | lumbar cord |
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| 54 | |
Choose the statement that does NOT correctly characterize the kidneys. |
| | A) | The kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally. |
| | B) | The right kidney is usually 1.5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left one. |
| | C) | The kidney is padded by a layer of fat. |
| | D) | Inside the kidney there is a hollow chamber called the renal sinus. |
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| 55 | |
The granular appearance of the renal cortex is due to ________________. |
| | A) | the positioning of blood vessels within this area |
| | B) | polycystic kidney disease |
| | C) | the random distribution of nephrons in this area |
| | D) | the positioning of the renal columns |
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| 56 | |
The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the _________________ that carry blood to the nephrons. |
| | A) | interlobar arteries |
| | B) | arciform arteries |
| | C) | efferent arterioles |
| | D) | afferent arterioles |
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| 57 | |
The concentrations of substances in the plasma, in the glomerular filtrate, and in urine differ in what way? |
| | A) | Plasma contains the most water, glomerular filtrate contains less water, and urine contains the least. |
| | B) | Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products. |
| | C) | Plasma differs from glomerular filtrate and urine, which have virtually identical concentrations of substances. |
| | D) | All three have the same concentrations of nutrients and waste materials, but differ in the amount of proteinaceous material they contain. |
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| 58 | |
Which force favors filtration? |
| | A) | glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
| | B) | capsular hydrostatic pressure |
| | C) | glomerular capillary osmotic pressure |
| | D) | capsular osmotic pressure |
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| 59 | |
Which factor does NOT affect glomerular filtration rate? |
| | A) | blood pressure |
| | B) | osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate |
| | C) | plasma osmotic pressure |
| | D) | concentration of leukocytes in the blood |
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| 60 | |
Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete _______________ when _______________. |
| | A) | angiotensin-converting enzyme; blood pressure increases |
| | B) | potassium; chloride concentration declines |
| | C) | renin; blood pressure drops |
| | D) | atrial natriuretic peptide; blood volume drops |
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| 61 | |
Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _______________ where microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the surface area available for reabsorption. |
| | A) | distal convoluted tubule |
| | B) | proximal convoluted tubule |
| | C) | collecting duct |
| | D) | nephron loop |
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| 62 | |
Why is the plant compound known as inulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance? |
| | A) | Inulin tastes good, so patients are more apt to be cooperative. |
| | B) | Inulin is neither reabsorbed nor actively secreted into the filtrate. |
| | C) | Inulin colors the filtrate and thus facilitates scanning of the kidney. |
| | D) | Inulin is readily available and inexpensive, and thus makes measuring renal clearance fairly simple. |
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| 63 | |
In males as well as in females, the external urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle, and is thus under voluntary control. Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males? |
| | A) | within the urogenital diaphragm |
| | B) | within the penile urethra |
| | C) | at the external urethral orifice |
| | D) | within the prostatic urethra |
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| 64 | |
Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow? |
| | A) | ureter |
| | B) | kidney |
| | C) | bladder |
| | D) | urethra |
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| 65 | |
The outermost structure of a kidney is the _____. |
| | A) | cortex |
| | B) | medulla |
| | C) | capsule |
| | D) | pelvis |
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| 66 | |
What is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary bladder? |
| | A) | pressure |
| | B) | peristalsis |
| | C) | gravity |
| | D) | osmosis |
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| 67 | |
What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the female? |
| | A) | length of urethra |
| | B) | presence of bacteria in rectum |
| | C) | hygiene |
| | D) | dietary factors |
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| 68 | |
Which system functions in the excretion of soluble nitrogenous wastes? |
| | A) | gastrointestinal |
| | B) | pulmonary |
| | C) | urinary |
| | D) | integumentary |
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| 69 | |
The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the _____. |
| | A) | proximal convoluted tubule |
| | B) | distal convoluted tubule |
| | C) | Bowman's capsule |
| | D) | loop of Henle |
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| 70 | |
In which area can the term urine be correctly used? |
| | A) | Bowman's capsule |
| | B) | minor calyx |
| | C) | nephron |
| | D) | loop of Henle |
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