Please answer all questions.
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| 1 | |
Where is most water found in the body? |
| | A) | blood plasma |
| | B) | whole blood |
| | C) | tissue spaces |
| | D) | in cells |
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| 2 | |
Which of these is NOT a transcellular fluid? |
| | A) | interstitial fluid |
| | B) | vitreous humor |
| | C) | peritoneal fluid |
| | D) | mucus |
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| 3 | |
Which of these is relatively high in extracellular fluids? |
| | A) | potassium |
| | B) | calcium |
| | C) | phosphate |
| | D) | sodium |
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| 4 | |
What is the main force that causes water to move among the various fluid compartments? |
| | A) | osmosis |
| | B) | filtration |
| | C) | hydrostatic pressure |
| | D) | dialysis |
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| 5 | |
What is the main force that causes fluid to leave the plasma compartment? |
| | A) | osmosis |
| | B) | hydrostatic pressure |
| | C) | dialysis |
| | D) | filtration |
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| 6 | |
How is the excess tissue fluid mainly returned to the blood? |
| | A) | hydrostatic forces |
| | B) | through the capillaries |
| | C) | lymphatic vessels |
| | D) | tissue osmosis |
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| 7 | |
About _____% of the total daily intake of water is derived from internal cell metabolism. |
| | A) | 33 |
| | B) | 10 |
| | C) | 80 |
| | D) | 60 |
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| 8 | |
What is the greatest regulator of water intake? |
| | A) | renal function |
| | B) | gastrointestinal system |
| | C) | adequate diet |
| | D) | hypothalamus |
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| 9 | |
As total body water decreases, the _____ of the extracellular fluid increases. |
| | A) | amount of sodium |
| | B) | osmotic pressure |
| | C) | hydrostatic pressure |
| | D) | protein level |
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| 10 | |
The greatest amount of body water is lost through _____. |
| | A) | sweating |
| | B) | defecation |
| | C) | urine |
| | D) | breathing |
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| 11 | |
The main factor that causes the kidney to conserve water is _____. |
| | A) | ADH |
| | B) | osmosis |
| | C) | renin production |
| | D) | plasma filtration pressure |
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| 12 | |
ADH is secreted from the _____. |
| | A) | hypothalamus |
| | B) | posterior pituitary |
| | C) | anterior pituitary |
| | D) | kidney |
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| 13 | |
Which of the following would have a diuretic effect? : |
| | A) | eating salty pretzels |
| | B) | drinking alcohol |
| | C) | sleeping |
| | D) | most drugs |
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| 14 | |
ADH has a direct effect on _____. |
| | A) | blood pressure |
| | B) | water reabsorption |
| | C) | blood concentration |
| | D) | all of these |
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| 15 | |
Excessive vomiting usually results in the disorder of _____. |
| | A) | water intoxication |
| | B) | dehydration |
| | C) | edema |
| | D) | hypoproteinemia |
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| 16 | |
The symptoms of dehydration result from loss of _____ water. |
| | A) | intracellular |
| | B) | extracellular |
| | C) | blood |
| | D) | transcellular |
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| 17 | |
The effects of water intoxication are usually related to _____. |
| | A) | blood pressure |
| | B) | hypoproteinemia |
| | C) | low sodium |
| | D) | high potassium |
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| 18 | |
Which of the following favor the development of edema? |
| | A) | hypoproteinemia |
| | B) | decreased venous pressure |
| | C) | decreased capillary permeability |
| | D) | lymphatic flow |
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| 19 | |
Which of these is NOT a usual cause of hypoproteinemia? |
| | A) | glomerulonephritis |
| | B) | poor diet |
| | C) | diuresis |
| | D) | liver disease |
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| 20 | |
What can be a direct cause of ascites? |
| | A) | hypertension |
| | B) | hepatic disease |
| | C) | glomerulonephritis |
| | D) | renal failure |
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| 21 | |
What causes the edema seen in inflammations? |
| | A) | hyperproteinemia |
| | B) | histamine |
| | C) | hypertension |
| | D) | cell damage |
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| 22 | |
Which of the following is NOT true in Addison's disease? |
| | A) | sodium decreases |
| | B) | potassium decreases |
| | C) | adrenal cortex failure |
| | D) | low aldosterone |
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| 23 | |
Where are most electrolytes normally lost? |
| | A) | feces |
| | B) | sweating |
| | C) | urine |
| | D) | respiration |
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| 24 | |
What is the most abundant extracellular cation? |
| | A) | potassium |
| | B) | Mg2+ |
| | C) | chloride |
| | D) | sodium |
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| 25 | |
Which factor accounts for the ability of the body to conserve high levels of sodium? |
| | A) | blood pressure |
| | B) | aldosterone |
| | C) | kidney function |
| | D) | adequate diet |
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| 26 | |
Which ion is usually exchanged for sodium absorption? |
| | A) | Cl- |
| | B) | bicarbonate |
| | C) | K+ |
| | D) | H+ |
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| 27 | |
Which cells are most sensitive to electrolyte changes? |
| | A) | osteoblasts |
| | B) | epithelial |
| | C) | leukocytes |
| | D) | neurons |
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| 28 | |
Which of these is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone? |
| | A) | osteoclast stimulation |
| | B) | increase in blood Ca2+ |
| | C) | increase in renal elimination |
| | D) | increase in intestinal absorption |
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| 29 | |
Which ion is directly related to calcium homeostasis? |
| | A) | Mg2+ |
| | B) | sodium |
| | C) | phosphate |
| | D) | chloride |
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| 30 | |
Hyperparathyroidism usually causes an increase in _____. |
| | A) | potassium |
| | B) | calcium |
| | C) | phosphate |
| | D) | sodium |
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| 31 | |
Which of the following does NOT become involved with maintaining blood calcium balance? |
| | A) | skeletal muscle |
| | B) | bone |
| | C) | kidneys |
| | D) | intestine |
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| 32 | |
Which of the following is NOT related to hypocalcemia? |
| | A) | vitamin D deficiency |
| | B) | muscle weakness |
| | C) | tetany |
| | D) | cardiac arrhythmia |
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| 33 | |
Which is the most abundant extracellular anion? |
| | A) | phosphate |
| | B) | bicarbonate |
| | C) | chloride |
| | D) | potassium |
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| 34 | |
What is the most important ion, which affects all of the functions of the others? |
| | A) | H+ |
| | B) | Na+ |
| | C) | K+ |
| | D) | phosphate |
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| 35 | |
Which of the following will NOT produce H+ ions? |
| | A) | respiration of glucose |
| | B) | oxidation of fatty acids |
| | C) | synthesis of phosphoproteins |
| | D) | oxidation of sulfur amino acids |
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| 36 | |
Which of these is NOT associated with acidity? |
| | A) | H3PO4 |
| | B) | lactic |
| | C) | ketone |
| | D) | glucose |
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| 37 | |
What is a likely cause of hypernatremia? |
| | A) | high salt in the diet |
| | B) | kidney failure |
| | C) | diabetes insipidus |
| | D) | vomiting |
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| 38 | |
Hypokalemia could result from all of these except which one? |
| | A) | vomiting |
| | B) | Addison's disease |
| | C) | Cushing's disease |
| | D) | renal failure |
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| 39 | |
Which of the following acts as a base in body fluids? |
| | A) | H+ |
| | B) | HCl |
| | C) | H2CO3 |
| | D) | HCO3- |
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| 40 | |
Which of the following does NOT play a significant role in maintaining acid-base balance? |
| | A) | blood buffers |
| | B) | stomach |
| | C) | kidney |
| | D) | respiration |
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| 41 | |
Which of the following could act by itself as a buffer? |
| | A) | bicarbonate ion |
| | B) | H2PO4- |
| | C) | albumin |
| | D) | carbonic acid |
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| 42 | |
The purpose of a buffer system is to _____. |
| | A) | prevent pH increases only |
| | B) | increase acidity |
| | C) | decrease pH |
| | D) | stabilize pH |
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| 43 | |
In the bicarbonate buffer system, _____ reacts with bases. |
| | A) | carbon dioxide |
| | B) | carbonic acid |
| | C) | bicarbonate ion |
| | D) | water |
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| 44 | |
When a strong base reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed from the base. |
| | A) | water |
| | B) | carbon dioxide |
| | C) | bicarbonate ion |
| | D) | carbonic acid |
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| 45 | |
When an acid reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed as an end product. |
| | A) | NaCl |
| | B) | water |
| | C) | carbonic acid |
| | D) | bicarbonate ion |
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| 46 | |
What happens to HCl in the phosphate buffer reaction? |
| | A) | ionizes |
| | B) | forms water |
| | C) | forms H2PO4- |
| | D) | forms a weak acid and salt |
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| 47 | |
What reacts with excess acids in protein buffers? |
| | A) | carboxyl group |
| | B) | amino group |
| | C) | CO2 |
| | D) | NH3+ |
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| 48 | |
What reacts with the excess bases in protein buffers? |
| | A) | NH2 |
| | B) | carbon dioxide |
| | C) | NH3+ |
| | D) | COO |
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| 49 | |
What buffers the addition of hydrogen in blood cells following the uptake of carbon dioxide? |
| | A) | albumin |
| | B) | bicarbonate |
| | C) | hemoglobin |
| | D) | phosphate |
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| 50 | |
Which factor greatly increases the reaction between carbon dioxide and water? |
| | A) | carbonic anhydrase |
| | B) | concentration of carbon dioxide |
| | C) | concentration of bicarbonate |
| | D) | pH of hemoglobin |
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| 51 | |
Which of the following is an effect of acidosis? |
| | A) | increased diuresis |
| | B) | decreased diuresis |
| | C) | mental confusion |
| | D) | seizures |
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| 52 | |
Which blood parameter is directly affected by breathing? |
| | A) | blood pH |
| | B) | carbon dioxide |
| | C) | bicarbonate levels |
| | D) | buffer chemicals |
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| 53 | |
During periods of acidosis, the kidney will secrete _____ into the urine. |
| | A) | carbon dioxide |
| | B) | K+ |
| | C) | H2PO4 |
| | D) | HPO4 |
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| 54 | |
In an attempt to remove acid from the blood, the kidneys will secrete _____ into the urine compartment. |
| | A) | ammonia |
| | B) | NH4+ |
| | C) | chloride |
| | D) | monohydrogen phosphate |
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| 55 | |
Which mechanism requires the most time to regulate pH? |
| | A) | bicarbonate buffer |
| | B) | phosphate buffer |
| | C) | respiration |
| | D) | renal function |
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| 56 | |
Which condition is a generalized accumulation of body edematous tissues? |
| | A) | azotemia |
| | B) | anuria |
| | C) | acetonemia |
| | D) | anasarca |
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| 57 | |
What is the normal pH of the blood? |
| | A) | 7.40-7.50 |
| | B) | 7.35-7.45 |
| | C) | 6.8-7.9 |
| | D) | 7.0-8.0 |
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| 58 | |
What is the pH range compatible with life? |
| | A) | 7.35-7.45 |
| | B) | 7.0-9.0 |
| | C) | 6.8-8.0 |
| | D) | 5-9 |
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| 59 | |
Hyperventilation from anxiety usually causes _____. |
| | A) | respiratory acidosis |
| | B) | metabolic acidosis |
| | C) | respiratory alkalosis |
| | D) | metabolic alkalosis |
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| 60 | |
Lung cancer usually causes the tendency towards _____. |
| | A) | metabolic acidosis |
| | B) | metabolic alkalosis |
| | C) | respiratory acidosis |
| | D) | respiratory alkalosis |
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| 61 | |
Cerebrospinal fluid, fluid within the eyes, joints, and body cavities, and fluid secretions of exocrine glands are all classified specifically as ______________ fluid. |
| | A) | intracellular |
| | B) | extracellular |
| | C) | transcellular |
| | D) | None of the above |
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| 62 | |
What trigger signals the brain to increase the output of ADH for water conservation? |
| | A) | thickened saliva signals the sympathetic nervous system |
| | B) | osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary to release ADH |
| | C) | chemoreceptors in the renal tubule sense the increased viscosity of renal filtrate and signal the hypothalamus which, in turn, signals the posterior pituitary |
| | D) | the juxtaglomerular apparatus senses the greater osmotic pressure in the blood and triggers the release of ADH |
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| 63 | |
A so-called "salt craving" is primarily the result of _________________. |
| | A) | a learned behavior |
| | B) | a genetic disease |
| | C) | dehydration |
| | D) | a severe electrolyte deficiency |
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| 64 | |
_______________ ions account for nearly 90% of the positively charged ions found in extracellular fluid. |
| | A) | potassium |
| | B) | calcium |
| | C) | sodium |
| | D) | sulfate |
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| 65 | |
Edema can be caused by all of these factors except ________________. |
| | A) | an increase in the plasma protein concentration |
| | B) | obstruction of lymphatic vessels |
| | C) | increased capillary permeability because of inflammation |
| | D) | increased venous pressure |
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| 66 | |
The imbalance known as ____________ can be caused by certain diuretic medications. |
| | A) | hyponatremia |
| | B) | hypernatremia |
| | C) | hypokalemia |
| | D) | hyperkalemia |
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| 67 | |
Which of the following does NOT occur as a result of a shift in the acid- base balance of the body? |
| | A) | an alteration in the rate of enzyme-controlled metabolic reactions |
| | B) | an increase in metabolic efficiency within the cells |
| | C) | a shift in the distribution of other ions |
| | D) | a modification in hormone actions |
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| 68 | |
Choose the factor that is NOT a major metabolic source of hydrogen ions in the body. |
| | A) | aerobic and anaerobic respiration of glucose |
| | B) | oxidation of amino acids that contain sulfur |
| | C) | hydrolysis of phosphoproteins |
| | D) | dehydration synthesis of nucleic acids |
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| 69 | |
How is it possible for the rate and depth of breathing to affect hydrogen ion concentrations in body fluids? |
| | A) | During increased air exchange, more oxygen is exchanged with body cells, binding hydrogen ions. |
| | B) | During increased air exchange, more carbon dioxide is given off, returning hydrogen ion concentrations to normal. |
| | C) | During increased respiration over the long term, more hemoglobin is produced, thus increasing the buffering of the blood |
| | D) | The rate and depth of breathing does not alter hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids. |
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| 70 | |
Which of these is considered a secondary defense against changes in pH? |
| | A) | renal excretion of hydrogen ions |
| | B) | the bicarbonate buffer system |
| | C) | the phosphate buffer system |
| | D) | the protein buffer system |
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| 71 | |
Which of these values would be the smallest? |
| | A) | metabolic water |
| | B) | water output |
| | C) | water in food |
| | D) | water in beverages |
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| 72 | |
Which of these conditions leads to a severe, life- threatening water loss? |
| | A) | diabetes mellitus, type 1 |
| | B) | diabetes mellitus, type 2 |
| | C) | diabetes insipidus |
| | D) | hyponatremia |
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| 73 | |
An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is termed ______. |
| | A) | inflammation |
| | B) | necrosis |
| | C) | hypoproteinemia |
| | D) | edema |
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| 74 | |
The most serious consequence of potassium imbalances is _____. |
| | A) | seizure |
| | B) | nerve damage |
| | C) | renal failure |
| | D) | cardiac abnormalities |
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| 75 | |
What is the normal pH of the blood? |
| | A) | 7-8 |
| | B) | 7.35-7.45 |
| | C) | 7.10-7.50 |
| | D) | 7.3-7.4 |
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| 76 | |
What is the most significant inorganic plasma buffer? |
| | A) | phosphate |
| | B) | albumin |
| | C) | hemoglobin |
| | D) | bicarbonate |
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| 77 | |
What is the most effective intracellular inorganic buffer? |
| | A) | bicarbonate |
| | B) | phosphate |
| | C) | hemoglobin |
| | D) | lactate |
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| 78 | |
Diabetic ketoacidosis is an example of which imbalance? |
| | A) | respiratory acidosis |
| | B) | respiratory alkalosis |
| | C) | metabolic alkalosis |
| | D) | metabolic acidosis |
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