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1 | | Freshwater fish and amphibians actively drink water, whereas marine fish do not drink water. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | | Elasmobranchs have hypertonic body fluids due to unusually high accumulations of trimethlamine oxide (TMAO) and magnesium sulfate. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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3 | | With respect to their environmental medium, most marine invertebrates would be… |
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| | A) | Hypertonic |
| | B) | Hypotonic |
| | C) | Isotonic |
| | D) | Ginantonic |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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4 | | Organisms that are not able to withstand a wide variation in the salinity of their medium are called… |
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| | A) | Stenohaline |
| | B) | Euryhaline |
| | C) | Eurythermal |
| | D) | Salt regulators |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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5 | | In some desert rodents, gain of water via metabolic oxidation of foodstuffs may constitute a very significant proportion of their water balance. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | | Reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid perhaps because it is nontoxic and can be excreted with little water loss. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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7 | | When fish first invaded fresh water what would have been their major osmotic problem? |
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| | A) | Water loss |
| | B) | Water influx |
| | C) | Salt intake |
| | D) | Influx of phosphate ions |
| | E) | Influx of calcium ions |
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8 | | Amphibians may absorb salts from the medium in which they live via their… |
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| | A) | Gills |
| | B) | Kidneys |
| | C) | Skin |
| | D) | Rectal glands |
| | E) | Mesonephridia |
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9 | | Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the pancreas, which controls sodium reabsorption by the nephron. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | | The metanephridium is an open, or true Nephridium. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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11 | | The antennal glands of crustaceans are excretory systems that lack nephrostomes. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | | When the osmotic risks are considered, a marine fish might be likened to… |
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| | A) | A freshwater fish |
| | B) | A freshwater amphibian |
| | C) | A desert-dwelling mammal |
| | D) | A freshwater mammal such as a beaver |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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13 | | Which of the following acts to expel excess water from protozoans and freshwater sponges? |
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| | A) | Flame cells |
| | B) | Protonephridia |
| | C) | Lysosomes |
| | D) | Contractile vacuoles |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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14 | | The excretory system of a planarian is of which type? |
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| | A) | Mesonephridial |
| | B) | Metanephridial |
| | C) | Protonephridial |
| | D) | Ananephridial |
| | E) | Mononephridial |
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15 | | The flame of a flame cell refers to the… |
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| | A) | Flagellar tuft |
| | B) | Contractile vacuole |
| | C) | Nephric tubule |
| | D) | Nephrostome |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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16 | | Uric acid is excreted by Malpighian tubules in some spiders and insects. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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17 | | The archinephros is known as the ancestral kidney, and is found in the embryos of hagfish and caecilians. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | | Blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole and exits via the efferent arteriole. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | | Which of the following serves as the functional kidney of adult amniotes? |
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| | A) | Mesonephros |
| | B) | Metanephros |
| | C) | Pronephros |
| | D) | Archinephros |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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20 | | The most advanced type of kidney has a unique duct not found in other types of kidneys, the… |
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| | A) | Labyrinth |
| | B) | Nephrostome |
| | C) | Cloaca |
| | D) | Ureter |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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21 | | The portion of the nephron that initially receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the… |
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| | A) | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| | B) | Loop of Henle |
| | C) | Renal pelvis |
| | D) | Bowmans capsule |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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22 | | Which of the following is the correct order for the passage of urine? |
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| | A) | Collecting duct, bladder, renal pelvis, and ureter |
| | B) | Bladder, renal pelvis, collecting duct, and ureter |
| | C) | Collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder |
| | D) | Collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, and bladder |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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23 | | Tubular reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule results from… |
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| | A) | Diffusion |
| | B) | Active transport |
| | C) | A pressure differential |
| | D) | A temperature gradient |
| | E) | Facilitated diffusion |
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24 | | Glomerular filtration is based on diffusion and active transport. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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25 | | Animals that are poikilothermic are also typically endothermic; animals that are homeothermic are typically ectothermic. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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26 | | To avoid desert heat, animals may become nocturnal or endolithic. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | | Birds and reptiles produce solid crystals of uric acid as an excretory product. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | | Brown fat is associated with nonshivering thermogenesis. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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29 | | Ectotherms may maintain a relatively stable level of metabolic activity over a range of seasonal temperature changes by… |
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| | A) | Oxidation of brown fat |
| | B) | Shivering thermogenesis |
| | C) | Nonshivering thermogenesis |
| | D) | Temperature compensation |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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30 | | Endothermy is maintained by heat production primarily via cellular metabolism and … |
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| | A) | Conduction |
| | B) | Respiratory evaporation |
| | C) | Muscular contraction |
| | D) | Gular flutter |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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31 | | Desert animals would be expected to produce… |
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| | A) | Copious urine and dry feces |
| | B) | Concentrated urine and dry feces |
| | C) | Copious urine and increased conductance |
| | D) | Concentrated urine and nonshivering thermogenesis |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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32 | | A desert animal would be expected to have… |
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| | A) | Light-colored fur |
| | B) | Much brown fat |
| | C) | An annual hibernation cycle |
| | D) | Short loops of Henle in the nephron |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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33 | | Small mammals living in very cold environments rely of thick fur for insulation. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | | A small mammal, such as a bat, may drop its body temperature daily to save energy. This physiological response is called torpor. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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35 | | An organism that maintains its body fluids at a higher salt concentration than the medium in which it lives is known as a hyoposmotic conformer. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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36 | | In the disease diabetes mellitus, glucose rises to abnormally high concentrations in the blood plasma, causing hypoglycemia. |
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| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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37 | | The blood capillaries surrounding the loops of Henle are called the… |
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| | A) | Vasa constricta |
| | B) | Vasa deferens |
| | C) | Vasa permeans |
| | D) | Vasa recta |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |