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1 | |
The extracellular fluid may be divided into interstitial fluid and… |
|
| | A) | Lymph |
| | B) | Blood plasma |
| | C) | Intracellular fluid |
| | D) | Cytosol |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
2 | |
The source of the interstitial fluid is primarily from the… |
|
| | A) | Lymph |
| | B) | Cytosol |
| | C) | Plasma |
| | D) | Intracellular fluid |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
3 | |
In fish gills, the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues is due to countercurrent flow. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
4 | |
In a typical animal, the greatest fluid volume is in the … |
|
| | A) | Intracellular fraction |
| | B) | Extracellular fraction |
| | C) | Plasma |
| | D) | Interstitial fluid |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
5 | |
Typical vertebrate blood is usually _________ percent plasma and ________percent formed elements. |
|
| | A) | 40, 60 |
| | B) | 55, 45 |
| | C) | 30, 70 |
| | D) | 70, 30 |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
6 | |
The primary function of the albumin fraction of the plasma proteins is… |
|
| | A) | Immunity |
| | B) | Osmotic equilibrium |
| | C) | Blood clotting |
| | D) | Binding irreversibly to oxygen |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
7 | |
The average lifespan of an erythrocyte is in the range of several months. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
8 | |
Blood pressures are higher in organisms with open circulatory systems. Furthermore, animals with open circulatory systems lack hearts. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
9 | |
In birds, the atria are completely separated, but the ventricles are not. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
10 | |
In vertebrates, heart rate increases with the increasing size of the animal. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
11 | |
Because the heartbeat of vertebrate hearts is initiated by specialized muscle cells, the impulse is referred to as myogenic. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
12 | |
Erythrocytes in mammals are primarily formed from erythroblasts in the… |
|
| | A) | Bone marrow |
| | B) | Spleen |
| | C) | Kidneys |
| | D) | Sternum |
| | E) | All of the above are correct |
|
13 | |
A mature erythrocyte is composed primarily of the protein… |
|
| | A) | Carbonic anhydrase |
| | B) | Thrombin |
| | C) | Hemocyanin |
| | D) | Hemoglobin |
| | E) | Myoglobin |
|
14 | |
At the death of an erythrocyte, the iron is reused, but what is heme converted into? |
|
| | A) | Biliverdin |
| | B) | Bilirubin |
| | C) | Cholesterol |
| | D) | Carbonic anhydrase |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
15 | |
In vertebrates, fibrinogen is transformed into a network of ___________ via a complex set of processes during coagulation. |
|
| | A) | Thrombin |
| | B) | Prothrombin |
| | C) | Thromboplastin |
| | D) | Fibrin |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
16 | |
The most common clotting abnormality in humans is… |
|
| | A) | Hemophilia |
| | B) | Emphysema |
| | C) | Christmas disease |
| | D) | Phlebitis |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
17 | |
An animal in which diffusion could suffice for respiratory needs would most likely have which of the following shapes? |
|
| | A) | A sphere |
| | B) | Be flattened |
| | C) | A tube |
| | D) | All of the above are correct |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
18 | |
Animals with open circulatory systems lack… |
|
| | A) | Capillaries |
| | B) | Arteries |
| | C) | Hearts |
| | D) | A hemocoel |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
19 | |
Fluid lost from capillaries is returned to the venous system by the ___________ system. |
|
| | A) | Lacteal |
| | B) | Lymphatic |
| | C) | Arteriole |
| | D) | Ostial |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
20 | |
The valves in the mammalian heart that prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles are the ________ valves. |
|
| | A) | Bicuspid |
| | B) | Tricuspid |
| | C) | Semilunar |
| | D) | Atrioventricular |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
21 | |
In the fish heart, the ________collects blood and delivers it to the single atrium. |
|
| | A) | Atrium |
| | B) | Conus venosus |
| | C) | Gill arch |
| | D) | Hemocoel |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
22 | |
The covering of the mammalian heart is called the… |
|
| | A) | Pericardium |
| | B) | Visceral pleura |
| | C) | Parietal pleura |
| | D) | Ostia |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
23 | |
The portion of the brain most involved in regulating heartbeat is the… |
|
| | A) | Cerebrum |
| | B) | Thymus |
| | C) | Thalamus |
| | D) | Medulla |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
24 | |
Arteries contain more _________tissue than arterioles, to dampen out the pulse from the heartbeat. |
|
| | A) | Collagenous |
| | B) | Elastic |
| | C) | Muscular |
| | D) | Nervous |
| | E) | Adipose |
|
25 | |
Capillaries are composed of a single layer of _________. There are no elastic fibers, no smooth muscle, just a single layer of semipermeable cells. |
|
| | A) | Epithelium |
| | B) | Myothelium |
| | C) | Epicardium |
| | D) | Endothelium |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
26 | |
The internal nares of mammals connect the … |
|
| | A) | External nares and the pharynx |
| | B) | Glottis and the larynx |
| | C) | Nasal chamber and the pharynx |
| | D) | Larynx and the bronchi |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
27 | |
Both fish and amphibians ventilate their respiratory structures by… |
|
| | A) | A muscular diaphragm |
| | B) | A pumping mechanism |
| | C) | A flow-through design |
| | D) | Swallowing air |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
28 | |
The extreme efficiency of fish gills in swimming is due to… |
|
| | A) | Ram ventilation |
| | B) | Pneumatic connections with the lung |
| | C) | The elaboration of alveoli |
| | D) | Countercurrent flow |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
29 | |
Cutaneous respiration is seen in relatively scaleless fish like eels, as well as in… |
|
| | A) | Insects |
| | B) | Reptiles |
| | C) | Amphibians |
| | D) | Mammals |
| | E) | Birds |
|
30 | |
Blood pressure is expressed as a systolic pressure over a diastolic pressure, and is measured by a respirometer. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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31 | |
Water is a much more dense environment than the atmospheric environment, and carries more oxygen at saturation than the atmosphere. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
Two opposing forces act on the fluid flux at the level of the capillaries: the __________ acts to draw water back into the capillary from the tissue fluid. |
|
| | A) | Lymphatic pressure |
| | B) | Capillary shift |
| | C) | Colloid osmotic pressure |
| | D) | Hydrostatic pressure |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
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33 | |
Both the circulatory and tracheal systems of insects are critical for respiration. |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | |
A blockage of the coronary circulation may result in a myocardial infarction (MI). |
|
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
35 | |
A unique structure which aids in respiration, that is found only in mammals, is the… |
|
| | A) | Alveolus |
| | B) | Pectoral muscle |
| | C) | Diaphragm |
| | D) | Bronchiole |
| | E) | None of the above is correct |
|
36 | |
Arteries farther away from the heart possess more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers. These arteries are called… |
|
| | A) | Venous arteries |
| | B) | Muscular arteries |
| | C) | Nonmuscular arteries |
| | D) | Sphygmomanometer arteries |
| | E) | Endothelial arteries |