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Study Outline
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  1. Invertebrate Development
    1. The early stages of embryonic development determine the pattern of structures in the adult organism
    2. The study of Drosophila mutants with disrupted development patterns has identified genes that control development
    3. The generation of a body pattern depends on the positional information that each cell receives during development
    4. The gene products of maternal effect genes are deposited asymmetrically into the oocyte and establish the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes at a very early stage of development
    5. Gap, pair-rule, and segment-polarity genes act sequentially to divide the Drosophila embryo into segments
    6. The expression of homeotic genes controls the phenotypic characteristics of segments
    7. The developmental fate of each cell in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is known
    8. Heterochronic mutations disrupt the timing of developmental changes in C. elegans
  2. Vertebrate Development
    1. Researchers have identified homeotic genes in vertebrates
    2. Genes that encode transcription factors also play a key role in cell differentiation
  3. Plant Development
    1. Plant growth occurs from meristems that are formed during embryonic development
    2. Plant homeotic genes control flower development
  4. Sex Determination in Animals and Plants
    1. In Drosophila, sex determination involves a regulatory cascade that includes alternative splicing
    2. In C. elegans the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes initiates a regulatory cascade that determines sex
    3. In mammals, the Sry gene on the Y chromosome determines maleness
    4. In sexually dimorphic plants, the male plant is usually heteromorphic







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