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1 | |
According to the text, clinicians may continue to place confidence in uninformative or ambiguous tests because of human susceptibility to |
| | A) | the representativeness heuristic |
| | B) | the inoculation effect |
| | C) | learned helplessness |
| | D) | illusory correlation |
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2 | |
In their study of how clinicians reacted to them as pseudopatients, Rosenhan and his colleagues demonstrated the presence of ___________________________ in mental health professionals. |
| | A) | hindsight bias |
| | B) | a Barnum effect |
| | C) | cognitive dissonance |
| | D) | the inoculation effect |
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3 | |
From the material presented in the text, which of the following is an accurate statement? |
| | A) | clinical psychologists are more susceptible to illusory thinking than are social workers |
| | B) | projective tests actually give more useful information than do objective tests |
| | C) | people who come for therapy want to hear negative things about themselves |
| | D) | behaviors of people undergoing psychotherapy come to fit the theories of their therapists |
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4 | |
Research evidence suggests that professional clinicians |
| | A) | are frequently the victims of illusory correlation |
| | B) | are too readily convinced of their own after-the-fact analysis |
| | C) | often fail to appreciate how erroneous diagnoses can be self-confirming |
| | D) | all of the above are true |
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5 | |
In terms of predicting success in graduate school, research indicates that |
| | A) | the predictions of interviewers, provided they are well-trained and experienced, are superior to statistical predictors such as prior grade point average and aptitude test scores |
| | B) | letters of recommendation are superior to any other predictor |
| | C) | statistical predictors based on prior grade point and aptitude test scores are superior to those of graduate admissions interviewers |
| | D) | extracurricular activities which involve field work in the chosen area of study prove to be the best predictors |
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6 | |
According to the text, the pervasiveness of illusory thinking points to the need for a ___________________________ study of thought and behavior. |
| | A) | psychohistorical |
| | B) | literary |
| | C) | scientific |
| | D) | humanistic |
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7 | |
Gayle, a Freudian analyst, finds that without exception, her patients report dreams closely related to their emotional problems and that are easily understood in terms of Freud's theory of personality. From research presented in the text, what may best explain why the dreams and problems of Gayle's patients are so consistent with Freudian theory? |
| | A) | Freud's theory is the oldest and most comprehensive of all the theories of personality |
| | B) | Freud's theory is more ambiguous than any other theory, and thus any problem fits into its framework |
| | C) | the patients are perhaps induced to give information that is consistent with Gayle's theoretical orientation |
| | D) | Freudian psychotherapists are "true believers" and Gayle's report is an attempt to convert other therapists to her orientation |
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8 | |
The tendency to search for information that will verify one's preconceptions is referred to as |
| | A) | hindsight bias |
| | B) | illusory correlation |
| | C) | illusion of control |
| | D) | confirmation bias |
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9 | |
Research indicates that clinicians who believe that suspicious people draw peculiar eyes on the Draw-a-Person test |
| | A) | perceive such a relationship even when shown cases in which suspicious people draw peculiar eyes less often than nonsuspicious people |
| | B) | perceive such a relationship in ambiguous but not in contrary data |
| | C) | readily change that belief when presented with contrary data |
| | D) | generally are more pessimistic about the effectiveness of therapy with paranoid people |
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10 | |
According to the text, what is the role of intuition in science? |
| | A) | science always involves an interplay between intuition and rigorous testing |
| | B) | intuition has no legitimate role in science |
| | C) | intuition should be the primary basis for evaluating scientific claims |
| | D) | intuition plays an important role in the natural sciences but not in the social sciences |
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11 | |
Snyder and Swann found that people often test whether another person possesses a trait such as extroversion by looking for |
| | A) | information that will confirm it |
| | B) | information that will disconfirm it |
| | C) | evidence of other traits indirectly related to extroversion |
| | D) | evidence of extroversion in the person's close relatives |
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12 | |
When P. C. Wason invited people to guess the rule he had used to devise a sequence of three numbers, they typically guessed incorrectly. Their errors best illustrated the operation of |
| | A) | illusory correlation |
| | B) | the availability heuristic |
| | C) | confirmation bias |
| | D) | illusion of control |
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