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1 | |
The tragedy of the commons illustrates how |
| | A) | individual irrationality results in group rationality |
| | B) | the pursuit of short-term individual gain leads to long-term collective costs |
| | C) | a non-zero-sum game can degenerate into a zero-sum game |
| | D) | superordinate goals may fail to produce cooperation in capitalistic societies |
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2 | |
Edney's Nuts Game |
| | A) | is a non-zero-sum game played between two persons |
| | B) | demonstrates how mirror-image perceptions can increase conflict |
| | C) | demonstrates how conciliation reduces conflict |
| | D) | illustrates the tragedy of the commons |
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3 | |
In non-zero-sum games, |
| | A) | one player always wins and the other always loses |
| | B) | one player's winnings equal the other player's losses |
| | C) | both players may win, both may lose, or one may win and the other may lose |
| | D) | the players' combined outcomes can never equal zero |
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4 | |
The __________________ the commons, the _____________________ responsibility each person feels for it. |
| | A) | smaller; more |
| | B) | larger; more |
| | C) | more important; more |
| | D) | more important; less |
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5 | |
Research on laboratory dilemmas reveals that cooperation is facilitated |
| | A) | if one person is 100 percent cooperative |
| | B) | if the opponents can communicate with one another |
| | C) | if the game is changed into a zero-sum game |
| | D) | all of the above are effective in facilitating mutual cooperation |
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6 | |
Appeals to altruistic norms |
| | A) | have proven to be helpful in reducing social dilemmas |
| | B) | work in resolving small-scale but not large-scale dilemmas |
| | C) | create reactance and make people more competitive |
| | D) | work to resolve conflict in the Nuts Game but not in the Prisoner's Dilemma |
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7 | |
Sherif's experiments in a boys' summer camp demonstrated how |
| | A) | appeals to altruistic norms create reactance and thus more conflict |
| | B) | conflict can be reduced through regulation |
| | C) | conflict can be reduced by dividing a commons into smaller territories |
| | D) | competition can produce conflict |
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8 | |
When one person's outcomes are equal to another person's outcomes the relationship is necessarily |
| | A) | just |
| | B) | equitable |
| | C) | both a and b |
| | D) | none of the above is true |
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9 | |
Many conflicts contain a core of truly incompatible ___________________________ surrounded by a larger exterior of ___________________________. |
| | A) | individuals; cooperative motives |
| | B) | actions; incompatible values |
| | C) | goals; misperceptions |
| | D) | perceptions; incompatible actions |
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10 | |
The tendency of each party to a conflict to see itself as moral and peaceloving and the other as evil and aggressive is known as |
| | A) | reciprocal illusory perceptions |
| | B) | the fundamental attribution error |
| | C) | illusory correlation |
| | D) | mirror-image perception |
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11 | |
In playing Prisoner's Dilemma, a person's outcome from any given decision will be better if he or she |
| | A) | cooperates |
| | B) | does not cooperate |
| | C) | cooperates only if the other person cooperates |
| | D) | cooperates only if the other person does not cooperate |
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12 | |
Two gas station owners in Roseville cut their gas prices in order to capture a portion of their competitor's business. However, neither gained any of the other's customers and in the long run both operated at a loss. This outcome best illustrates the dynamics of |
| | A) | social dilemma |
| | B) | the GRIT strategy |
| | C) | an inequitable relationship |
| | D) | mirror-image perceptions |
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13 | |
Rodney and Ralph are twin brothers who each contributed $75 to purchase a new bicycle. Rodney rides it 75 percent of the time. This would be an example of |
| | A) | an inequitable relationship |
| | B) | the tragedy of the commons |
| | C) | a zero-sum relationship |
| | D) | mirror-image perceptions |
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14 | |
John believes he is hard-working but his wife, Rachel, is lazy. Rachel believes she is hard-working but John is lazy. This is an example of |
| | A) | an inequitable relationship |
| | B) | mirror-image perception |
| | C) | a superordinate conflict |
| | D) | a social trap |
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15 | |
What does the text refer to as the "golden rule" of social justice? |
| | A) | equity for strangers, equality for friends |
| | B) | an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth |
| | C) | do unto others as they do unto you |
| | D) | whoever has the gold makes the rules |
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16 | |
All of the following are cited in the text as misperceptions that can cause conflict except |
| | A) | the self-serving bias |
| | B) | the fundamental attribution error |
| | C) | the naturalistic fallacy |
| | D) | groupthink |
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17 | |
According to psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner, to a striking degree, the misperceptions of those who are in conflict with each other, like two nations who regard each other with suspicion and hostility, are |
| | A) | nonreciprocal |
| | B) | unilateral |
| | C) | mutual |
| | D) | accurate |
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18 | |
In the tragedy of the commons, the "commons" refers to |
| | A) | disputed border territory |
| | B) | stolen goods or winnings |
| | C) | any shared and limited resource |
| | D) | any individual's private property |
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