 |
1 | |
In the pelagic realm, most primary production occurs in the epipelagic neritic zone. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
2 | |
Diatoms and dinoflagellates are the most abundant primary producers in the oceans. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
3 | |
Picoplankton-sized primary producers in the epipelagic are dominated by prochlorophytes and cyanobacteria. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
4 | |
Red tides may be becoming more frequent because of human pollution, having high nitrogen and low silica content which favors the growth of dinoflagellates over diatoms. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
5 | |
Krill are not as numerous as copepods but are more likely to be eaten by large consumers such as birds, fishes, and whales. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
6 | |
The smallest phytoplankton organisms are eaten by animals such as salps and larvaceans that use mucus to trap them. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
7 | |
Planktonic organisms, by definition, are always small. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
8 | |
The term meroplankton refers to spore stages of phytoplankton. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
9 | |
Planktivorous nekton are the smaller species of fast-swimming animals. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
10 | |
Whale sharks prey on sperm whales. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
11 | |
Other things being equal, larger organisms tend to sink faster than smaller ones due to less drag in the larger ones. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
12 | |
Drag that slows sinking can be increased with spines and flat shapes. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
13 | |
Sharks typically increase their buoyancy with air-filled swim bladders. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
14 | |
Lipids are a major form of energy-storage material that adds buoyancy to epipelagic organisms such as copepods and diatoms. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
15 | |
Examples of neuston include the Portuguese man-of-war and the water strider. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
16 | |
The lateral line of fishes detects vibrations in the water. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
17 | |
Many zooplankton animals such as jellyfish and salps are dark blue or green on top and white or silver on the bottom. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
18 | |
Most fast epipelagic fishes have a large rounded tailfin to push large amounts of water when accelerating. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
19 | |
Red muscle in fishes is used for constant cruising, while white muscle is used for quick bursts of speed. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
20 | |
Zooplankton are too small to be effective vertical migrators, since this behavior involves a long-distance swim each day. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
21 | |
The fastest fishes have been clocked at speeds of 110 km/hr. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
22 | |
Most epipelagic food chains are fairly simple chains readily described as "phytoplanton-->zooplankton-->nekton." |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
23 | |
Marine snow refers to the large amount of DOM in the oceans. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
24 | |
The microbial loop refers to a food chain in which DOM from producers is processed first by bacteria, then by protozoa, then by zooplankton animals. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
25 | |
Since waters in coastal areas are much murkier than in the open sea, the latter have more productivity due to deeper light penetration. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
26 | |
The major limiting nutrient in the oceans overall is thought to be nitrogen. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
27 | |
In general, deeper waters have higher nutrient levels than shallow waters, especially if a thermocline is present. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
28 | |
Overturn typically occurs when surface waters become colder than deeper waters. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
29 | |
Because the tropics are much warmer and have more sunlight, tropical waters are typically much more productive than polar and temperate waters. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
30 | |
The Ekman spiral refers to the large global currents than circle each ocean hemisphere. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
31 | |
Coastal upwelling can result only from winds blowing from land to sea to cause surface waters to move offshore. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
32 | |
The fisheries industry of western South America suffers greatly during an ENSO event because coastal upwelling normally produced by the trade winds ceases. |
| | A) | T |
| | B) | F |
|
|
33 | |
Copepods, typically the most numerous zooplankton animal, are |
| | A) | strictly herbivores that feed on diatoms and other algae. |
| | B) | filter feeders that feed indiscriminately on any small organic particle. |
| | C) | discriminating consumers of both phytoplankton and other zooplankton. |
| | D) | none of the above. |
|
|
34 | |
The following is known to apply to red tides: |
| | A) | All red tides involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that do not kill shellfish, but may harm people that eat the shellfish. |
| | B) | All red tides involve phytoplankton that make neurotoxins harmful to all animals. |
| | C) | Only some involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that harm all animals including people. |
| | D) | Only some involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that do not kill shellfish, but may harm people that eat the shellfish. |
|
|
35 | |
The following is true of "warm-blooded" epipelagic fishes such as tunas: |
| | A) | Their entire bodies are warmer than the surrounding water. |
| | B) | Their skin is warmer than the surrounding water by transfer of heat from the muscles to the skin. |
| | C) | Their muscles are warmer than the surrounding water because heat is returned to the muscles that produced it via closely packed outflowing and inflowing blood vessels. |
| | D) | None of the above. |
|
|
36 | |
The fastest epipelagic fishes such as tunas have these features: |
| | A) | reduced breathing musculature, and retractable fins. |
| | B) | strong breathing muscles for rapid oxygen uptake, and side fins that protrude like airplane wings. |
| | C) | strong breathing muscles for rapid oxygen uptake, and retractable fins. |
| | D) | reduced breathing musculature, and side fins that protrude like airplane wings. |
|
|
37 | |
The growth of phytoplankton in many temperate waters is characterized by |
| | A) | an annual peak in the summer, when light is most optimal; and an annual low in the winter, when light but not nutrients is limiting. |
| | B) | an annual peak in the spring, when nutrients and light are both sufficient; and an annual low in the winter, when light but not nutrients is limiting. |
| | C) | an annual peak in the summer, when light is most optimal; and an annual low in the winter, when light and nutrients are limiting. |
| | D) | an annual peak in the spring, when nutrients and light are both sufficient; and an annual low in the winter, when light and nutrients are limiting. |
|