|
1 | | A is generally a large molecule that is composed of many subunits. |
|
|
2 | | The two primary functions of the digestive system are and . |
|
|
3 | | Interacting neurons in the (two words) form the swallowing center which regulates the muscle contractions needed for swallowing. |
|
|
4 | | Local regulation of the gastrointestinal tract is carried out by the nervous system and paracrine regulators. |
|
|
5 | | The layer of the gastrointestinal wall is lined with columnar epithelium and supported underneath by the lamina propria. |
|
|
6 | | The enzyme found in saliva that catalyzes the partial digestion of starch is called (two words), or ptyalin. |
|
|
7 | | After mixing with the gastric secretions, ingested food becomes a pasty material known as . |
|
|
8 | | The cells of the stomach are responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid and the (hyphenated word) cells are responsible for secreting histamine. |
|
|
9 | | Protein digestion starts in the stomach where is secreted by chief cells. |
|
|
10 | | The cells of the gastric glands deep in the stomach mucosa secrete the hormone somatostatin. |
|
|
11 | | In the small intestine, the most proximal region is known as the while the middle two-fifths is called the and the most distal three-fifths is the . |
|
|
12 | | The tiny, fingerlike projections formed by the foldings of the epithelial cell membrane that can only be seen using an electron microscope are the . |
|
|
13 | | The enzyme, , is found in the brush border of the small intestine and is required for activating trypsin, the protein-digesting enzyme from the pancreas. |
|
|
14 | | The contractions mix the chyme in the small intestine and the contractions move the chyme through the small intestine. |
|
|
15 | | Another name for the large intestine is the . |
|
|
16 | | The outer surface of the large intestine normally bulges outward to form pouches called . |
|
|
17 | | The elimination of wastes from the gastrointestinal tract is called . |
|
|
18 | | The is an outpocketing of the cecum that when inflamed produces a condition known as . |
|
|
19 | | (two words) are part of the reticuloendothelial system that are found in the sinusoids of the liver. |
|
|
20 | | Located within each hepatic plate are thin channels called (two words) because they serve to transport the bile that is synthesized and secreted by the hepatocytes. |
|
|
21 | | The metabolism of hemoglobin by the liver, spleen, and bone marrow produces that can be conjugated and secreted into the bile. |
|
|
22 | | The liver converts ammonia, which is very toxic to cells, to , which is less toxic and that can be secreted into the blood and then excreted by the kidneys in the urine. |
|
|
23 | | During fasting or times when blood glucose levels fall unusually low, the liver can breakdown and release glucose from stored glycogen molecules, a process called and also synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors by a process called . |
|
|
24 | | The liver synthesizes many plasma proteins, of these is produced in the greatest amounts and generates most of the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood. |
|
|
25 | | The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the and the exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the . |
|
|
26 | | In 1902, the compound was discovered as the first chemical regulator in the gastrointestinal tract and later announced as the first body hormone. |
|
|
27 | | The (2 words) is the parasympathetic nerve most involved in the neural activation and modulation of the digestive system during the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of gastric regulation. |
|
|
28 | | The and phases of deglutition cannot be stopped once started. |
|
|
29 | | Production of HCl by the parietal cells requires primary active transport and uses pumps. |
|
|
30 | | stimulates the intestinal epithelial cells to secrete Cl- and water while inhibiting Na+ absorption. |
|
|
31 | | The hormone secreted by the duodenum in response to a fall in duodenal pH below 4.5 and that will subsequently stimulate the production of bicarbonate by the pancreas is . |
|
|
32 | | In the process of , bile salt micelles are secreted into the duodenum and act to break up the fat drops in the chyme into tiny droplets of triglycerides, in preparation for digestion. |
|
|
33 | | After absorption of lipids, the triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol molecules are then combined with protein inside the epithelial cells to form small particles called . |
|
|
34 | | Excessively high rates of red blood cell destruction may cause due to the excessively high concentrations of bilirubin in the blood. |
|
|
35 | | Inhibiting the function of would prevent the proper activation of trypsin. |
|