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1 | | A kilocalorie is equal to 1,000 calories and can also be written as 1 kCal, or 1 "big C." |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | | A person with hyperthyroidism would be expected to have an abnormally high BMR. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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3 | | A higher than normal BMR in certain obese people may be due to inherited genetic factors. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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4 | | When the intake of carbohydrates, protein, or fat exceeds the energy output, the excess calories are stored in the body primarily as fat. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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5 | | Weight loss can be achieved by dieting alone or in combination with an exercise program to raise the metabolic rate. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | | Anabolic and catabolic reactions cannot occur simultaneously within the body. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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7 | | Since fat can be made from excess carbohydrates, only a small amount of fat is necessary in the diet to supply essential fatty acids and adequate fat-soluble vitamins. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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8 | | There are more essential fatty acids required by the body than there are essential amino acids required by the body. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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9 | | Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | | There are a number of major minerals that are essential in the diet, however none of the trace elements are considered essential because they are found in such small quantities in the body. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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11 | | Antioxidants include reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | | Resting skeletal muscle uses glucose as a preferred energy source. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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13 | | Hyperphagia results from destruction of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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14 | | The postabsorptive state occurs between meals and generally refers to the fasting state. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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15 | | Glucagon, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids are all catabolic hormones that stimulate the break down larger energy reserves into simpler circulating substrates. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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16 | | In the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, the alpha and beta cells act as both the sensors and effectors in the regulation of plasma glucose levels. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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17 | | During the absorption of a carbohydrate meal, stimulation of the alpha cells causes the secretion of glucagon which acts to lower blood glucose levels by promoting its uptake by the tissues. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | | Leptin, released from adipose cells may play a role in the development of insulin resistance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | | The oral glucose tolerance test is a clinical procedure that challenges the ability of the beta cells to secrete insulin in response to an ingestion of a high glucose load. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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20 | | Ingestion of meals high in proteins and low in carbohydrates stimulates the secretion of both insulin and glucagon from the pancreas. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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21 | | The overall effect of insulin is to lower blood glucose and amino acid levels by promoting their cellular uptake and incorporation into glycogen and proteins, respectively. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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22 | | One catabolic effect of glucagon is lipolysis in adipose cells during fasting. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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23 | | There is a maximum of about 100 g of stored glycogen in the skeletal muscles, whereas the liver can store approximately 375-400 g of glycogen. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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24 | | Glycogen stores in liver and skeletal muscle are "limited" in that once these stores are filled, continued ingestion of excess calories will increase the production of fat. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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25 | | During prolonged fasting or exercise, gluconeogenesis promotes the synthesis of new glucose molecules from noncarbohydrate substrates, such as certain amino acids and pyruvic acid molecules. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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26 | | Cholecystokinin increases during fasting and stimulates hunger glucose. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | | Insulin is active primarily in the absorptive state, whereas glucagon is most active in the postabsorptive state. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | | Type I diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and occurs in about 10% of the patients with diabetes in this country. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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29 | | Type II diabetes mellitus, also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is commonly associated with obesity. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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30 | | Type I diabetics may actually secrete normal or slightly elevated amounts of insulin from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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31 | | Obesity seems to increase the sensitivity of target cells to insulin, increasing the efficiency of glucose uptake by tissue cells. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | | People with type II diabetes do not usually develop ketoacidosis; but are at risk of blindness, kidney failure, and amputation of the lower extremities due to prolonged exposure to high blood glucose levels and to related circulatory problems. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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33 | | Hyperglycemia, and possibly a coma, can result in a patient with type I diabetes that injects himself/herself with an overdose of insulin. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | | The metabolic effects of epinephrine on its target cells are similar to those of insulin. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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35 | | Both glucagon and epinephrine stimulate glycogenolysis, with release of glucose from the liver, as well as lipolysis, with release of fatty acids from adipose cells. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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36 | | Epinephrine and glucagon have similar mechanisms of action. Both use diacyl glycerol as second messengers in their target cells. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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37 | | Prolonged fasting or exercise stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary, which, in turn, stimulates an increase in the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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38 | | Brown adipose tissue contains ß2-adrenergic receptors. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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39 | | Thyroxine (by way of its conversion to T3 in the cytoplasm) inhibits the rate of cell respiration in almost all cells in the body. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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40 | | Blood levels of growth hormone fluctuate each day and night cycle (circadian), with the highest GH levels reached when the person is awake during the day. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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41 | | Growth hormone has both anabolic (protein synthesis) and catabolic (fat breakdown) effects that are remarkably similar to the effects of both insulin and glucagon on their respective target cells. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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42 | | The growth-promoting effects of growth hormone on the skeleton seem to be mediated by the somatomedins from the liver, such as insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2). Somatomedins stimulate the cartilage chondrocytes to divide and secrete more matrix. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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43 | | An inadequate secretion of growth hormone during the growing years results in dwarfism. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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44 | | An individual with fewer than normal growth hormone receptors would be classified as a Laron dwarf. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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45 | | During the life of an individual the osteoclasts serve to synthesize bone at the same time the osteoblasts work to resorb bone. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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46 | | Following menopause, the decreased estrogen leads to increased numbers of osteoclasts. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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47 | | The hormones most involved in the endocrine regulation of calcium and phosphate balance are parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and calcitonin. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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48 | | Parathyroid hormone is released when the plasma Ca2+ levels rise, stimulating the activity of osteoblast cells in bone. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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49 | | Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands results in hypercalcemia. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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50 | | Vitamin D3 is as a prehormone which must be chemically changed in order to become biologically active. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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51 | | The primary function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is to raise the blood levels of calcium and phosphate, by promoting both their absorption in the intestine and their reabsorption from the filtrate in the kidney nephrons. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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52 | | Hypercalcemia can be decreased by the combined actions of both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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