The samples that follow all paraphrase, appropriately or inappropriately, this
passage from "The Separation of Powers: A Hedge Against Tyranny?"
by James Madison, found on page 113 of The Federalist Papers. The legislative department derives its superiority in our government from
other circumstances. Its constitutional powers being at once more extensive,
and less susceptible of precise limits, it can, with the greater facility, mask,
under complicated and indirect measures, the encroachments which it makes on
the co-ordinate departments. It is not infrequently a question of real nicety
in legislative bodies, whether the operation of a particular measure will, or
will not extend beyond the legislative sphere. On the other side, the executive
power being restrained within a narrower compass, and being more simple in its
nature; and the judiciary being described by landmarks, still less uncertain,
projects of usurpation by either of these departments would immediately betray
and defeat themselves. Nor is this all: as the legislative department alone
has access to the pockets of the people, and has in some constitutions full
discretion, and in all a prevailing influence over the pecuniary rewards of
those who fill the other departments; a dependence is thus created in the latter,
which gives still greater facility to encroachments of the former. Plagiarized paraphrase: Madison notes that the legislative branch has preeminence over the executive
and judicial branches of the government. The powers granted to it by the constitution
are simultaneously wider and less limited, so it can more easily disguise the
infringements it makes on the other branches; it is not unusual for legislatures
to debate whether a particular item will or will not reach beyond the legislative
domain. In comparison, the executive branch is restrained to a more restricted
sphere, and is less complex; the judicial branch is limited to particular areas;
therefore, their attempts to usurp others' power would be obvious. In addition,
the legislature has access to taxation, and has in some states full power and
in all states considerable influence over the pay awarded to the members of
the other branches. This makes the latter branches dependent on the legislative
branch, allowing still easier encroachments by the legislature (113). (Both the structure and the words of this sentence resemble the original too
closely for it to be an acceptable paraphrase.) Plagiarized paraphrase: Madison explains that there is a superiority of the legislative department
of the government. It has more extensive constitutional powers than the other
branches that allow it to mask its encroachments on them. Projects by the narrower
executive branch or by the judiciary to usurp power betray themselves immediately,
unlike similar projects by the legislative branch. In addition, the pockets
of the people can be reached by the legislative department, which also has influence
over the pecuniary rewards to members of the judicial and executive branches.
The other branches therefore have a dependence on the legislative branch, which
allows encroachments by the legislature on the other branches with still greater
facility (113). (This paraphrase repeatedly relies on Madison's wording, which constitutes
plagiarism.) Plagiarized paraphrase: The legislative branch is perhaps the most powerful of the three branches of
the government. First, the constitution gives it broader powers than are given
to the other branches. This could conceivably permit the legislative branch
gradually or secretly to procure powers originally intended for the other two--a
feat impossible for the executive branch, with the president's powers being
more limited, or for the judiciary, whose realm of control is restricted. Second,
the legislative branch holds the purse strings. It has the power to tax the
people, and it also controls either completely or partially the salaries paid
to the members of the other branches. This can have the result of making the
executive and judicial branches beholden to the legislative branch. (This is plagiarism because the original source of these ideas is not credited;
the author and page numbers must be cited using the appropriate method for your
style of documentation.) Plagiarized paraphrase: Madison argues that the legislative branch is perhaps the most powerful of
the three branches of the government. First, the constitution gives it broader
powers than are given to the other branches. This could conceivably permit the
legislative branch gradually or secretly to procure powers originally intended
for the other two--a feat impossible for the executive branch, with the president's
powers being more limited, or for the judiciary, whose realm of control is restricted.
Second, the legislative branch holds the purse strings. It has the power to
tax the people, and it also controls either completely or partially the salaries
paid to the members of the other branches. This can have the result of making
the executive and judicial branches beholden to the legislative branch. (This is plagiarism because the page numbers have been omitted. Just as with
a quotation, the source of a paraphrase or summary must be correctly cited.) Acceptable paraphrase: Madison argues that the legislative branch is perhaps the most powerful of
the three branches of the government. First, the constitution gives it broader
powers than are given to the other branches. This could conceivably permit the
legislative branch gradually or secretly to procure powers originally intended
for the other two--a feat impossible for the executive branch, with the president's
powers being more limited, or for the judiciary, whose realm of control is restricted.
Second, the legislative branch holds the purse strings. It has the power to
tax the people, and it also controls either completely or partially the salaries
paid to the members of the other branches. This can have the result of making
the executive and judicial branches beholden to the legislative branch (113). |