| alternative families | Family units that differ from the traditional image; examples include foster care children, single parents, central role of grandparents, and gay couples.
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| busing | A method for remedying segregation by transporting students to create more ethnically or racially balanced schools. Before busing and desegregation were linked, busing was not a controversial issue, and, in fact, the vast majority of students riding school buses are not involved in desegregation programs.
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| cultural difference theory | This theory asserts that academic problems can be overcome if educators study and mediate the cultural gap separating school and home.
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| de facto segregation | The segregation of racial or other groups resulting from circumstances, such as housing patterns, rather than from official policy or law.
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| de jure segregation | The segregation of racial or other groups on the basis of law, policy, or a practice designed to accomplish such separation.
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| deficit theory | A theory that asserts that the values, language patterns, and behaviors that children from certain racial and ethnic groups bring to school put them at an educational disadvantage.
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| desegregation | The process of correcting past practices of racial or other illegal segregation.
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| expectation theory | First made popular by Rosenthal and Jacobson, this theory holds that a student's academic performance can be improved if a teacher's attitudes and beliefs about that student's academic potential are modified.
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| latchkey (self-care) kids | A term used to describe children who go home after school to an empty house; their parents or guardians are usually working and not home.
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| second-generation segregation | When a school's multiracial populations are separated through tracking, extracurricular activities, and even in informal social events, the school is considered to be in second-generation segregation.
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| separate but equal | A legal doctrine that holds that equality of treatment is accorded when the races are provided substantially equal facilities, even though those facilities are separate. This doctrine was ruled unconstitutional in regard to race.
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| sex discrimination | Any action that limits or denies a person or group of persons opportunities, privileges, roles, or rewards on the basis of sex.
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| sex-role stereotyping | Attributing behavior, abilities, interests, values, and roles to a person or group of persons on the basis of sex. This process ignores individual differences.
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| stepfamilies | These relationships are created when divorced or widowed parents remarry, creating a whole set of new relationships, including stepchildren, stepgrandparents, and stepparents.
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