Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.

1		Emotion is a mixture of:
			A)	unconscious and universal processes.
			B)	conscious experience and unconscious processes.
			C)	physiological arousal and overt behavior.
			D)	physiological arousal, unconscious processes, and behavioral expression.
2		_______ represent the first language used by infants and parents.
			A)	Emotions
			B)	Facial expressions
			C)	Words
			D)	Gazes
3		The ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity of emotions is called emotional:
			A)	evocation.
			B)	suppression.
			C)	regulation.
			D)	consideration.
4		Which of the following emotional expressions is the LAST to appear in development?
			A)	fear
			B)	anger
			C)	surprise
			D)	contempt
5		Researchers have studied sex differences in how well adults can interpret the different types of cries in babies and found that:
			A)	most fathers understand cries better than mothers.
			B)	women are innately programmed to understand cries, but men are not.
			C)	mothers are innately programmed to understand cries, but fathers are not.
			D)	mothers are not innately programmed to understand crying any more than fathers.
6		If we believe that ethologists and behaviorists are BOTH right about how parents should respond to the cries of their infants, we would believe that a quick response to all cries would result in a(n) _______ in crying behavior and _______ secure attachment.
			A)	decrease; less
			B)	decrease; more
			C)	increase; more
			D)	increase; less
7		Carroll Izard (1982) developed the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX), which is a system designed to measure:
			A)	attention.
			B)	emotion.
			C)	memory.
			D)	fear.
8		Which of the following occurs FIRST in development?
			A)	trust smiling
			B)	social smiling
			C)	reflexive smiling
			D)	attachment smiling
9		Which type of smiling occurs as a response to an external stimulus?
			A)	social smiling
			B)	reflexive smiling
			C)	both reflexive and social smiling
			D)	neither reflexive nor social smiling
10		A smile that does NOT occur in response to external stimuli is called a(n):
			A)	reflexive smile.
			B)	social smile.
			C)	protective smile.
			D)	attentive smile.
11		Children are MORE likely to show stranger anxiety if they:
			A)	are feeling insecure.
			B)	have not previously been exposed to many strangers.
			C)	are in a familiar setting.
			D)	are with their fathers, but not their mothers.
12		Which of the following situations is most likely to produce stranger anxiety in an infant?
			A)	sitting on the mother's lap
			B)	meeting a stranger in a research laboratory
			C)	meeting a stranger in the infant's home
			D)	encountering a stranger who smiles
13		What term BEST describes the emotional life of the older adult?
			A)	mellow
			B)	indifferent
			C)	chaotic
			D)	intense
14		Socioemotional selectivity theory argues that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with:
			A)	individuals peripheral to their lives.
			B)	close friends.
			C)	family members.
			D)	all but a few close family members and health-care professionals.
15		According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults narrow their social circles:
			A)	because they are preparing for death.
			B)	to have social partners who satisfy their emotional needs.
			C)	because it is more difficult for them to maintain large social networks.
			D)	as they become increasingly depressed.
16		When researchers study temperament, they are MOST likely to do so with:
			A)	infants.
			B)	adolescents.
			C)	preschool children.
			D)	middle-aged adults.
17		Chess and Thomas believe the _______ child is the most typical temperament.
			A)	easy
			B)	feisty
			C)	difficult
			D)	slow-to-warm-up
18		Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up are different types of:
			A)	trust.
			B)	emotion.
			C)	attachment.
			D)	temperament.
19		What evidence do researchers cite to support the claim that temperament is modified by experience?
			A)	the fact that there is a heritability index of .90
			B)	the finding that the heritability estimates decrease with age
			C)	the fact that an individual's activity level decreases with age
			D)	the finding that a newborn's level of sociability is stable across contexts
20		Bobby was an active child with a lot of energy. As an adult, he is likely:
			A)	successful.
			B)	outgoing.
			C)	maladjusted.
			D)	aggressive and impulsive.
21		Research on temperament indicates that:
			A)	it remains relatively stable throughout the life span.
			B)	it is learned through environmental contingencies.
			C)	it is discontinuous throughout the life span.
			D)	it changes as we enter adulthood.
22		Linda and Mark monitor their children's emotions, see the children's negative emotions as teaching opportunities, help their children label emotions, and coach them in dealing with emotions. Linda and Mark are _______ parents.
			A)	emotion-coaching
			B)	emotion-dismissing
			C)	positive-affective
			D)	comforting-guiding
23		Erik Erikson's concept of _______ is similar to Mary Ainsworth's concept of _______.
			A)	love; trust
			B)	independence; trust
			C)	trust; secure attachment
			D)	secure attachment; trust
24		Attachment refers to:
			A)	a close bond between infant and caregiver.
			B)	a close bond between an infant and a contact comfort object.
			C)	an infant's tendency to use the mother as a secure base for exploring the world.
			D)	a positive reaction to being held and played with by people other than the primary caregiver.
25		In a classic study of attachment by Harlow and Zimmerman, infant monkeys spent more time with the _______ monkey regardless of which monkey fed them.
			A)	wire
			B)	live
			C)	cloth
			D)	metal
26		Mary Ainsworth believes that attachment security depends on:
			A)	how sensitive and responsive the caregiver is to infant signals.
			B)	the mother's love and concern for the welfare of her child.
			C)	the consistency of parental responses during the child care routine.
			D)	reinforcement of attachment behaviors by the caregiver.
27		Jerome Kagan has emphasized the importance of _______ as a determinant of social competence.
			A)	bonding
			B)	temperament
			C)	peer responsiveness
			D)	learning
28		Attachment theorists would AGREE on which of the following?
			A)	A critical period of attachment in humans exists during the first 2 months of life.
			B)	Secure attachment to a single primary caregiver is essential for healthy social development.
			C)	A child's temperament is more important than secure attachment for healthy social development.
			D)	Sensitive responsiveness on the part of caregivers will help infants develop secure attachments.
29		When put on the floor to play, Baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, though, Baby Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Ainsworth would say that Baby Elaine is:
			A)	securely attached.
			B)	insecure avoidant.
			C)	insecure resistant.
			D)	disorganized.
30		The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to:
			A)	crawl through a dark tunnel with his or her mother and a stranger waiting on the other side.
			B)	move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his or her mother and a stranger.
			C)	experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present.
			D)	choose between his or her mother and his or her father in a strange situation.
31		Which of the following pairs is correct?
			A)	insecure resistant infant : abusive parenting
			B)	insecure avoidant infant : rejecting parenting
			C)	insecure avoidant infant : disorganized parenting
			D)	disorganized infant : inconsistent parenting
32		The research on children's temperament indicates a high degree of ________ between parents and infants.
			A)	sociability
			B)	emotionality
			C)	positive affectivity
			D)	reciprocal socialization
33		Mike is a stay-at-home father while his wife Melanie works full-time. Based on the research on nontraditional gender roles and parenting practices cited in the text, which of the following is MOST likely to occur?
			A)	Melanie and Mike will interact with their children in similar ways.
			B)	Melanie will interact with her children in much the same way that fathers who work full-time outside the home traditionally interact with their children.
			C)	Mike will interact with his children in much the same way as traditional stay-at-home moms interact with their children.
			D)	Mike will interact with his children in much the same way as fathers who work full-time outside the home interact with their children.
34		In maternal and paternal infant interactions:
			A)	fathers' interactions are more likely to include play.
			B)	fathers' interactions are more likely to center around child care activities.
			C)	fathers are less able than mothers to act sensitively and responsively with their infants.
			D)	no big differences are seen in mothers' and fathers' interactions with infants in today's "typical" American family.
35		Which of the following is generally TRUE about child care settings in the United States?
			A)	They are generally good in quality.
			B)	They vary widely in quality.
			C)	Most are small, unlicensed in-home programs.
			D)	Most are large, licensed centers with large numbers of children.
36		In his research concerning the effects of child care on children, Kagan has found in the experimental program at Harvard that:
			A)	day care had long-term, detrimental effects on children.
			B)	day care had no observed adverse effects.
			C)	day care facilitated development.
			D)	the effects of day care are dependent on the length and type of care given.
37		Children in low-quality day care are more _______ than children in high-quality day care.
			A)	compliant
			B)	insecurely attached
			C)	intelligent
			D)	anxious
38		Adult-to-child ratios in day care should be determined by the children's:
			A)	temperament.
			B)	attachment style.
			C)	age.
			D)	gender.
39		Life-span developmentalists agree that secure attachment:
			A)	is essential to adult social competence.
			B)	is not essential, but is a factor in adult social competence.
			C)	is not an important factor in adult social competence.
			D)	cannot easily be connected to adult social competence.
40		Adolescents tend to expect that first dates will:
			A)	proceed according to stereotypical male and female gender roles.
			B)	alter their previous conceptions of male and female gender roles.
			C)	transcend the traditional expectations associated with male and female gender roles.
			D)	provide an opportunity to explore gender roles that are not so stereotypically male or female.
41		When it comes to dating, males follow a _______ script, whereas females follow a _______ script.
			A)	private; public
			B)	proactive; reactive
			C)	masculine; feminine
			D)	rigid; flexible
42		According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, what is the main difference between infatuation and fatuous love?
			A)	Fatuous love involves intimacy, while infatuation does not.
			B)	Fatuous love involves passion, while infatuation does not.
			C)	Infatuation involves intimacy, while fatuous love does not.
			D)	Fatuous love involves commitment, while infatuation does not.
43		Don and Ellie have been married for more than 30 years. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST important in their relationship?
			A)	loyalty
			B)	security
			C)	mutual interests
			D)	passion
44		The type of love that occurs when individuals desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person is:
			A)	affectionate love.
			B)	consummate love.
			C)	friendship.
			D)	romantic love.
45		If the only real attraction that Richard and Jamie feel toward each other is sexual, Robert Sternberg would argue that they are experiencing:
			A)	infatuation.
			B)	companionate love.
			C)	fatuous love.
			D)	none of his categories of love.
46		In what way are friends different from romantic partners?
			A)	Relationships with romantic partners are more likely to involve fascination and exclusiveness.
			B)	Relationships with friends are more likely to involve fascination and exclusiveness.
			C)	Relationships with romantic partners are more likely to involve trust and spontaneity.
			D)	Relationships with romantic partners are more likely to involve acceptance and mutual assistance.