Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.
 |
1 | |
The process of natural _______ favors individuals of a species that are best able to survive and reproduce. |
| | A) | progression |
| | B) | distinction |
| | C) | selection |
| | D) | accommodation |
|
|
2 | |
David Buss believes that _______ not only shapes our physical features but also influences our decision making, aggressive behavior, fears, and mating patterns. |
| | A) | adaptation |
| | B) | instinct |
| | C) | evolution |
| | D) | genetics |
|
|
3 | |
According to Baltes, the benefits of evolutionary selection: |
| | A) | increase with age. |
| | B) | decrease with age. |
| | C) | remain the same over the life span. |
| | D) | first increase in early adulthood, then decrease after the decline in reproductive capacity. |
|
|
4 | |
Albert Bandura would argue that evolutionary psychology focuses too much on _______ and not enough on _______. |
| | A) | biology; environment |
| | B) | evolution; regression |
| | C) | generational trends; individual trends |
| | D) | culture; learning |
|
|
5 | |
The units of hereditary information that act as a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life are: |
| | A) | chromosomes. |
| | B) | DNA. |
| | C) | genes. |
| | D) | ribosomes. |
|
|
6 | |
In the process of meiosis: |
| | A) | the cells divide into gametes, which have half the genetic material of the parent cell. |
| | B) | the focus is on cell growth and repair. |
| | C) | the number of chromosomes present remains the same. |
| | D) | two daughter cells are formed. |
|
|
7 | |
Each human gamete has: |
| | A) | 46 paired chromosomes. |
| | B) | 46 unpaired chromosomes. |
| | C) | 23 paired chromosomes. |
| | D) | 23 unpaired chromosomes. |
|
|
8 | |
The typical female chromosome pattern is: |
| | A) | YY. |
| | B) | XX. |
| | C) | XY. |
| | D) | XXY. |
|
|
9 | |
Traits that are produced by the interaction between two or more genes are called: |
| | A) | dominant. |
| | B) | recessive. |
| | C) | monogenic. |
| | D) | polygenic. |
|
|
10 | |
The complete set of instructions for making an organism is called the: |
| | A) | phenotype. |
| | B) | zygote. |
| | C) | genome. |
| | D) | DNA map. |
|
|
11 | |
Dominant-recessive gene inheritance involves _______ genes, whereas polygenic inheritance involves _______ genes. |
| | A) | 2; 2 |
| | B) | 4; 2 |
| | C) | 2; many |
| | D) | many; 2 |
|
|
12 | |
Of the following, which is the smallest unit? |
| | A) | cell |
| | B) | gene |
| | C) | gamete |
| | D) | chromosome |
|
|
13 | |
The typical human being begins life with 46: |
| | A) | cells. |
| | B) | genes. |
| | C) | chromosomes. |
| | D) | DNA molecules. |
|
|
14 | |
Both of Brian's parents are farsighted, but Brian wears glasses for nearsightedness. Which genetic principle can explain this difference? |
| | A) | mitosis |
| | B) | dominant-recessive genes |
| | C) | reaction range |
| | D) | sex-linked genes |
|
|
15 | |
If you are looking at someone's brown hair, you are observing that person's |
| | A) | genotype. |
| | B) | phenotype. |
| | C) | reaction range. |
| | D) | dominant gene code. |
|
|
16 | |
Amanda was born with Down syndrome. The doctor tells her parents that she will be mentally retarded. If her parents keep her at home without educational or training programs, the doctor predicts that her IQ might go as low as 35, but he predicts it could go as high as 70 if they provide such programs for Amanda. This variability in Amanda's potential IQ provides an example of the: |
| | A) | canalization of intelligence. |
| | B) | reaction range for intelligence. |
| | C) | polygenic inheritance of intelligence. |
| | D) | dominant-recessive gene action on intelligence. |
|
|
17 | |
The narrow path marking the development of characteristics that appear immune to vast changes in environmental events is called: |
| | A) | canalization. |
| | B) | meiosis. |
| | C) | phenotype. |
| | D) | heredity. |
|
|
18 | |
Behavioral geneticists believe that behaviors are determined by: |
| | A) | only biological factors. |
| | B) | only environmental factors. |
| | C) | biological factors at birth and environmental factors throughout the rest of life. |
| | D) | a continuous interaction between biological and environmental factors. |
|
|
19 | |
Twins that develop from a single fertilized egg are called: |
| | A) | fraternal twins. |
| | B) | adopted twins. |
| | C) | dizygotic twins. |
| | D) | identical twins. |
|
|
20 | |
Adoption studies are designed to test the different effects of: |
| | A) | adoption on parenting styles. |
| | B) | polygenic vs. single-gene traits. |
| | C) | the home environment and the biological genes. |
| | D) | knowledge of one's adopted status on children's behavior. |
|
|
21 | |
Which genetic disorder is caused by an extra chromosome? |
| | A) | Down syndrome |
| | B) | Turner syndrome |
| | C) | sickle-cell anemia |
| | D) | phenylketonuria (PKU) |
|
|
22 | |
Which of these syndromes is NOT sex-linked? |
| | A) | sickle-cell anemia |
| | B) | Klinefelter syndrome |
| | C) | Turner syndrome |
| | D) | XYY syndrome |
|
|
23 | |
Mary begs her parents to allow her to take piano lessons. After her first several lessons, it quickly becomes apparent that Mary has a natural talent for music. This example best illustrates: |
| | A) | passive genotype-environment correlation. |
| | B) | evocative genotype-environment correlation. |
| | C) | active genotype-environment correlation. |
| | D) | active genotype-phenotype correlation. |
|
|
24 | |
Children who are highly active, easily distracted, and move quickly often elicit adult attempts to quiet them down, punishment for lack of concentration, and angry warnings to slow down. This describes an example of a(n) _______ genotype-environment interaction. |
| | A) | passive |
| | B) | active |
| | C) | niche-picking |
| | D) | evocative |
|
|
25 | |
Rachel has always enjoyed reading. Now that she is a parent, she provides her daughter with many books to read, hoping the child also will learn to enjoy reading. How do behavior geneticists refer to this type of interaction between heredity and environment? |
| | A) | passive genotype-environment interactions |
| | B) | evocative genotype-environment interactions |
| | C) | influential genotype-environment interactions |
| | D) | active genotype-environment interactions |
|
|
26 | |
Which prenatal diagnostic test is the least invasive? |
| | A) | amniocentesis |
| | B) | ultrasound sonography |
| | C) | chorionic villus test |
| | D) | maternal blood test |
|
|
27 | |
If amniocentesis is performed to determine if a woman's fetus is genetically normal, this will involve: |
| | A) | taking a blood sample from the mother. |
| | B) | drawing a sample of the fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb. |
| | C) | taking a sample of the placenta between the 8th and 11th week of pregnancy. |
| | D) | taking a blood sample from the fetus. |
|
|
28 | |
A fertilized ovum is called: |
| | A) | a blastocyst. |
| | B) | an egg. |
| | C) | an embryo. |
| | D) | a zygote. |
|
|
29 | |
The period of prenatal development that occurs in the first two weeks after conception is called the _______ period. |
| | A) | fetal |
| | B) | germinal |
| | C) | embryonic |
| | D) | blastocystic |
|
|
30 | |
How does the placenta/umbilical cord life-support system prevent harmful bacteria from invading a fetus? |
| | A) | Bacteria are too large to pass through the placenta walls. |
| | B) | The placenta generates antibodies that attack and destroy bacteria. |
| | C) | Bacteria become trapped in the maze of blood vessels of the umbilical cord. |
| | D) | No one understands how the placenta keeps bacteria out. |
|
|
31 | |
During which period of prenatal development do cells begin to become different from each other more rapidly and organs begin to form? |
| | A) | embryonic period |
| | B) | zygotic period |
| | C) | fetal period |
| | D) | blastocystic period |
|
|
32 | |
The human body develops from three layers of cells in the embryo. These layers are the: |
| | A) | zygote, blastocyst, and trophoblast. |
| | B) | amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord. |
| | C) | endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. |
| | D) | blastoderm, trophoderm, and plastoderm. |
|
|
33 | |
Organs and tissues in an unborn baby are most vulnerable to environmental changes during: |
| | A) | organogenesis. |
| | B) | the fetal period. |
| | C) | the germinal period. |
| | D) | trophoblast differentiation. |
|
|
34 | |
Which phrase best defines a teratogen? |
| | A) | a life-support system that protects the fetus |
| | B) | an agent that stimulates the formation of organs |
| | C) | an abnormality in infants of alcoholic mothers |
| | D) | an environmental factor that produces birth defects |
|
|
35 | |
Which of the following statements about fetal alcohol syndrome is most accurate? |
| | A) | The infant is often physically deformed and below average in intelligence. |
| | B) | Fetal alcohol syndrome commonly results in miscarriages. |
| | C) | Fetal alcohol syndrome causes ectopic pregnancies. |
| | D) | Babies suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome are often born before term and with low birthweights. |
|
|
36 | |
A common characteristic of babies born to women who smoke during their pregnancies is: |
| | A) | a missing arm or leg. |
| | B) | facial deformities and below-average intelligence. |
| | C) | restlessness and irritability. |
| | D) | lower birthweights. |
|
|
37 | |
Phillip is 5 years old and has a poor attention span. He often fidgets and is impulsive. It is quite possible that Phillip's mother used _______ while pregnant. |
| | A) | nicotine |
| | B) | cocaine |
| | C) | caffeine |
| | D) | marijuana |
|
|
38 | |
Maternal stress is associated with _______ in the baby. |
| | A) | decreased intelligence |
| | B) | increased risk of prematurity |
| | C) | increased heart rate |
| | D) | decreased growth rate |
|
|
39 | |
Which of the following statements about the relationship between age and pregnancy outcome is most accurate? |
| | A) | Adolescent mothers are most likely to have retarded children. |
| | B) | Artificially inseminated women in their thirties and forties are more likely to become pregnant than those in their twenties. |
| | C) | Mothers over age 30 are most likely to have retarded babies. |
| | D) | Adolescent mothers suffer the lowest infant mortality rates of any age group. |
|
|
40 | |
Now that Eric and Luz have established their careers and are in their mid-twenties, they are planning to have a baby. In terms of the paternal factors that may affect his child, Eric should be most concerned about: |
| | A) | his high-stress job as an attorney. |
| | B) | the second-hand smoke he encounters in his law office. |
| | C) | his age. |
| | D) | his low dietary intake of vitamin C. |
|
|
41 | |
Which of the following is a complication of delivery? |
| | A) | anoxia |
| | B) | oxytocin |
| | C) | teratology |
| | D) | toxoplasmosis |
|
|
42 | |
Drugs used to block sensation in one area of the body or to block consciousness during delivery are: |
| | A) | analgesics. |
| | B) | anesthestics. |
| | C) | epidurals. |
| | D) | oxytocics. |
|
|
43 | |
Linda's baby is about to be born. The baby's head is at the top of the uterus, and the baby's lower extremities are on the cervix. This situation is: |
| | A) | normal for delivery. |
| | B) | called afterbirth. |
| | C) | called a breech position. |
| | D) | called a precipitate position. |
|
|
44 | |
The Apgar primarily assesses a newborn's: |
| | A) | psychological status. |
| | B) | reflexes. |
| | C) | physiological health. |
| | D) | responsivity to people. |
|
|
45 | |
Two-day-old Terry's very low Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale score is often a good indicator that: |
| | A) | he has brain damage. |
| | B) | his mother took heroin while she was pregnant. |
| | C) | he will develop a "difficult" temperament. |
| | D) | he is unlikely to bond with his primary caregiver. |
|
|
46 | |
Which of the following statements about bonding between mothers and newborns enjoys supporting evidence? |
| | A) | The newborn must have sufficiently close contact to bond with the mother in the first few days of life to develop optimally. |
| | B) | Bonding between infant and mother can only occur after standard childbirth. |
| | C) | Bonding with mothers is helpful to preterm infants and adolescent mothers. |
| | D) | Bonding with the mother is more important for the infant's development than bonding with the father. |
|