Choose the alternative that best completes the stem of each question.
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1 | | The large group of individuals from which you select a smaller group to include in your experiment is the |
| | A) | sample. |
| | B) | population. |
| | C) | target group. |
| | D) | experimental group. |
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2 | | If each individual has an equal chance of being chosen for your experiment, then your sample is classified as |
| | A) | general. |
| | B) | stratified. |
| | C) | random. |
| | D) | biased. |
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3 | | According to the text, most experiments in psychology use a |
| | A) | nonrandom sample. |
| | B) | random sample. |
| | C) | general sample. |
| | D) | stratified sample. |
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4 | | Research comparing college students and nonstudents as research participants has found |
| | A) | that students and nonstudents do not differ at all. |
| | B) | that students and nonstudents are so different that students should not be used in research. |
| | C) | mixed results. |
| | D) | null results. |
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5 | | According to your text, studies conducted on the Internet typically us a(n) __________ sample. |
| | A) | systematic |
| | B) | stratified |
| | C) | random |
| | D) | nonrandom |
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6 | | According to Krantz and Dalal (2000), the validity of research conducted on the Internet can be established by |
| | A) | comparing the results from Internet studies with the results from conventional studies. |
| | B) | determining if Internet studies produce results that are consistent with theoretical predictions. |
| | C) | determining if the results of an Internet study can be replicated several times on the Internet. |
| | D) | all of the above |
| | E) | both a and b only |
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7 | | Research comparing the results from Internet and traditional attitude surveys leads to the conclusion that |
| | A) | Internet surveys that pay attention to sampling, reliability, and validity issues can produce results that parallel traditional surveys. |
| | B) | Internet surveys lack sufficient reliability and validity and should not be used. |
| | C) | Internet surveys are actually more reliable and valid than traditional surveys. |
| | D) | none of the above |
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8 | | According to your text, using rats from a single supplier for use in research results in a |
| | A) | confounded study. |
| | B) | random sample. |
| | C) | nonrandom sample. |
| | D) | economical sample. |
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9 | | The generality of your research results is affected by |
| | A) | how representative your sample is of the population. |
| | B) | how realistic your research setting is. |
| | C) | how your independent variables are manipulated. |
| | D) | all of the above |
| | E) | both a and b |
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10 | | According to the text, the highest level of generality will result from research using a |
| | A) | nonrandom sample. |
| | B) | true random sample. |
| | C) | strategy combining nonrandom and random sampling. |
| | D) | stratified sample. |
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11 | | If you want to apply your research results directly to a population, then it is especially crucial to use a |
| | A) | nonrandom sample. |
| | B) | subject pool. |
| | C) | random sample. |
| | D) | systematic sample. |
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12 | | According to the text, true random sampling is less of a concern in most psychological research because |
| | A) | we are not interested in generalizing our results. |
| | B) | nonrandom sampling is actually superior to random sampling when it comes to the generality of results. |
| | C) | we often directly apply our results to a population. |
| | D) | the goal of most psychological research is to make predictions from a theory to specific behavior. |
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13 | | Which of the following is not one of the APA ethical guidelines for use of human participants in research? |
| | A) | Participation in research must be voluntary. |
| | B) | Participants must have the right to decline participation at any time. |
| | C) | Participants cannot be paid for their service in research. |
| | D) | Participants must be informed of any aspects of the experiment that might effect their decision to participate. |
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14 | | Before you can run your research, an IRB reviews your research to make sure that |
| | A) | participants are treated according to accepted ethical standards. |
| | B) | you do not have any extraneous variables in your study that could confound your results. |
| | C) | your sample is truly random. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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15 | | According to Rosenthal and Rosnow (1975), we can have maximum confidence that volunteers tend to __________ than nonvolunteers. |
| | A) | be of higher intelligence |
| | B) | come from a higher social class |
| | C) | be more social |
| | D) | all of the above |
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16 | | Research shows that participants are more likely to volunteer for an experiment if |
| | A) | they are not offered any external rewards for participation. |
| | B) | they are interested in the topic being studied in the research. |
| | C) | the experiment is highly stressful. |
| | D) | none of the above |
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17 | | Horowitz (1969) conducted an experiment testing the impact of voluntary participation on attitude change. Based on his findings, we could conclude that |
| | A) | voluntary participation does not appear to be a major problem. |
| | B) | voluntary participation affects the results of an experiment only when the experiment involves high levels of stress or boredom. |
| | C) | volunteer and nonvolunteer participants react very differently to experimental manipulations. |
| | D) | nonvolunteer participants are less influenced by experimental manipulations than are volunteer participants. |
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18 | | According to Rosenthal and Rosnow (1975), |
| | A) | little can be done about the problem of voluntary participation affecting the outcome of research. |
| | B) | the impact of volunteerism can be reduced only if all your participants are female because most females volunteer for research anyway. |
| | C) | the impact of volunteerism can be reduced by using a power-assertive approach to recruitment. |
| | D) | none of the above |
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19 | | Which of the following is not an example of active deception? |
| | A) | making false promises to participants |
| | B) | making concealed observations of participants |
| | C) | misrepresenting the true purposes of research |
| | D) | using pseudoparticipants |
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20 | | According to Holmes (1976a), a negative side effect of using deception is |
| | A) | reduced internal validity of research. |
| | B) | that because participants have been duped by an experimenter, they may experience a loss of self-esteem. |
| | C) | that participants may actually bend over backward to please an experimenter in a subsequent study. |
| | D) | none of the above |
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21 | | After an experiment using deception, participants should be told of the deception and the reasons for it. This is known as |
| | A) | debriefing. |
| | B) | dehoaxing. |
| | C) | desensitizing. |
| | D) | deflating. |
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22 | | According to the text, |
| | A) | research using animal subjects is of little use because the results rarely generalize to humans. |
| | B) | the worth of research using animals should not be judged according to whether or not results generalize to humans. |
| | C) | although research using animal subjects can be used to answer some interesting basic questions, it cannot be used to develop models relevant to human behavior. |
| | D) | research using animal subjects is usually cruel and should be eliminated. |
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23 | | Which of the following is a good reason to consider using animals in research? |
| | A) | Some procedures can be used only on animal subjects. |
| | B) | You can exert greater control over experimental and living conditions with animals than you can with humans. |
| | C) | You need not worry about adhering to ethical guidelines when you use animal subjects. |
| | D) | both a and b |
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24 | | When considering whether research using animal subjects should be done, researchers must consider |
| | A) | the cost of the study to the animals weighed against its potential benefits. |
| | B) | the likelihood that the I-knew-it-all-along effect will occur. |
| | C) | only the importance of the potential contributions of the study. |
| | D) | only how the animals will be affected by the research. |
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25 | | According to the text, who should be on a committee to review proposals for animal research? |
| | A) | a veterinarian trained in laboratory animal science or medicine |
| | B) | a member of the public not affiliated with animal research or the sponsoring institution. |
| | C) | a practicing scientist who does animal research |
| | D) | all of the above |
| | E) | both a and b |
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26 | | Methods that substitute tissue cultures for whole organisms are called ____________ methods. |
| | A) | simulation |
| | B) | in vivo |
| | C) | in vitro |
| | D) | de novo |
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